Leite, Ana BeatrizPonce Leao, Maria Teresa2026-01-202026-01-202025-10Leite, A. B., & Ponce Leao, M. T. (2025). Ensuring Fairness in Global Energy Transition: The Role of the Eu Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism. In: Earth & Environmental Science Research & Reviews, 2025, vol. 8(3). https://doi.org/10.33140/EESRRhttp://hdl.handle.net/10400.9/6207ABSTRACT: The European Union’s Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM), as part of the Fit for 55 package, introduces a carbon pricing policy for imports from carbon-intensive sectors to mitigate carbon leakage and level the playing field in global trade. This article analyses the potential of CBAM to promote fairness and transparency in climate policy, both within and beyond the EU. We examine its integration with the EU Emissions Trading System (EU ETS), analyses the complementarity of both systems, evaluate its Monitoring, Reporting and Verification (MRV) system, and present a multi-criteria regional comparison based on environmental, circular, and social standards. The steel sector serves as a case study to illustrate economic implications and the effectiveness of carbon pricing models. Our findings suggest that while CBAM can reduce emissions and encourage innovation, its fairness depends on careful implementation, support mechanisms for developing countries, and continuous alignment with international climate goals.engClimate policyEnergy transitionDecarbonizationPolicy strategiesEnvironmental controlSustainabilityEuropereview article10.33140/EESRR