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- Accelerated aging tests to selective solar absorber coatings for low temperature applicationsPublication . Cunha Diamantino, Teresa; Gonçalves, Rita; Páscoa, Soraia; Alves, Isabel Nascimento; Carvalho, Maria JoãoABSTRACT: The need of a higher role of solar energy within the energy mix in the coming decades obliges the collectors to increase their performance and reliability. It is demanded that the solar absorbers, as the key component of solar thermal collectors, should be low cost with high efficiency for extended lifetimes under different kinds of environments. Commercially, there are presently two main types of solutions as selective solar absorbers coatings for low temperature applications: coatings obtained by physical vapour deposition (PVD) and by paint coatings (PC). These coatings present different physical and chemical characteristics. Therefore, it is important to know how these commercial coatings degrade over time in different environments. Results obtained with two different PVD coatings and three PC, under different accelerated aging tests, are presented. The aging tests performed included different environmental stress corrosion conditions: temperature, humidity, chlorides, sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides. The chlorides and the gases SO2 and NO2 affect distinctly the different selective coatings. Cyclic variation of corrosion promoting gases (sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide), higher humidity, salt spraying and drying seem to be an aging test that reflects the different environments where the solar thermal collectors are exposed. In addition to the contaminants, drying/wetting cycles also play an important role in degradation mechanisms of absorber coatings. So, the international standard ISO 22975-3 needs to be revised to include cyclic conditions with these contaminants.
- Novos serviços laboratoriais de suporte na otimização de coletores solares térmicos: projeto LIFESOLAR - 2ª partePublication . Páscoa, Soraia; Cunha Diamantino, Teresa; Carvalho, Maria JoãoRESUMO: Portugal é um país com grande potancial de aproveitamento de energia solar térmica para aplicações domésticas e industriais. Estas aplicações podem ser utilizadas para produção de água quente, para aquecimento de piscimas, águas sanitárias ou para processos industriais a baixas (20-95ºC) e médias temperaturas (95ºC-250ºC) de funcionamento, podendo assim abranger diferentes tecnologias, desde coletores estacionários a coletores concentradores com seguimento. O território continental português é particularmente marcado pela extensa linha de costa que, juntamente com o elevado recurso solar, tem um forte impacto na durabilidade dos componentes dos coletores, quer sejam metálicos ou poliméricos, e no respetivo tempo de vida útil.
- On the sustainable development of solar thermal obligations in buildings in the framework of the Portuguese casePublication . Prates, Manuel João Lopes; Costa, J. Cruz; Mendes, J. Farinha; Carvalho, Maria JoãoThis paper starts remembering the steps given in Portugal to prepare the introduction of a solar thermal obligation. Next, it presents a description of the present legislation related to the Solar Thermal Obligation (STO) and to other incentive measures for growth of the solar thermal market in Portugal. The main problems with implementation of the new regulation are analysed and systematized. Based on the acquired knowledge, further actions are presented to guarantee the success of Solar Thermal Obligation, namely proposals for updating the obligation in conformity with best practice for solar thermal installations and taking into account the new realities upcoming from the actual solar thermal
- Latest developments in the field of solar thermal standardisationPublication . Fischer, S.; Carvalho, Maria João; Kovacs, P.; Malenkovic, I.The European project QAiST-―Quality Assurance in Solar Thermal Heating and Cooling Technology‖ funded by the Intelligent Energy Europe program and by the participating countries, gathers 15 participating organizations including the European Solar Thermal Industry Federation ESTIF and major testing and research institutes in Europe. The objective of the project is to enhance the competitiveness of the European Solar thermal industry and further increase consumer confidence through improved standards and certification schemes, harmonization in testing and certification and a wide dissemination of the quality concept throughout Europe. Global harmonization in collector standards and certification is also on the QAiST agenda and has taken a large step forward through CEN/ISO cooperation and a strong European representation in the IEA SH&C task 43.
- Coletores solares térmicos : evolução do comportamento térmico após diferentes períodos de exposição em ambientes com distintas corrosividadesPublication . Carvalho, Maria João; Páscoa, Soraia; Mexa, Nuno; Gonçalves, Rita; Correia, J.; Gano, António; Cunha Diamantino, TeresaRESUMO: Os coletores solares térmicos devem estar preparados para suportar condições ambientais adversas, como temperatura, humidade e irradiância ultravioleta elevada ou cargas de vento e neve, mas também outras influências, como os níveis de contaminantes como cloretos, dióxido de enxofre e óxidos de azoto, dependendo da localização geográfica. Num trabalho que se desenvolve desde 2012, têm sido estudados os efeitos destes contaminantes existentes no ambiente exterior e a sua penetração no interior dos coletores, assim como a evolução do comportamento térmico dos coletores quando expostos por períodos prolongados em ambientes com diferentes corrosividades. Neste trabalho apresentam-se os resultados para um período de três e cinco anos em dois locais com distintas corrosividades, Sines e Lisboa, observando-se que locais como Sines com um ambiente marítimo industrial tem impacto no comportamento térmico dos coletores expostos.
- Parameter identification and uncertainty evaluation in quasi-dynamic test of solar thermal collectors with Monte Carlo methodPublication . Rodrigues, João Carlos Teixeira; Facão, Jorge; Carvalho, Maria JoãoABSTRACT: This work presents a comparison between two methods used for parameter identification and calculation of parameter uncertainty applied to the measured data of solar thermal collectors when tested according to ISO 9806:2017. One method is using a weighted least square (WLS) fit and the partial derivative approach described in the GUM (the Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement). The second is using the Monte Carlo (MC) method, also described in GUM. Uncertainty evaluation by Monte Carlo method is based on a probabilistic approach and is an alternative way for identification of parameters and determination of the uncertainties. In this work the results were obtained according to Quasi-Dynamic Test (QDT) method for a flat plate collector and an evacuated tubular collector. The least squares (LS) method and a nonlinear regression method (MPFit) are used in the identification of parameters for each iteration of the MC method. For the implemented MC method computation times are also discussed. One disadvantage of the MC method is the computation time which depends on the number of samples in the experimental test quantity files, however with this study we think that the advantages of the MC method outweigh the disadvantages, and it is useful even as a complementary tool in QDT testing of collectors.
- Novos serviços laboratoriais de suporte na otimização de coletores solares térmicos: projeto LIFESOLAR - 1ª partePublication . Páscoa, Soraia; Cunha Diamantino, Teresa; Carvalho, Maria JoãoRESUMO: Portugal é um país com grande potancial de aproveitamento de energia solar térmica para aplicações domésticas e industriais. Estas aplicações podem ser utilizadas para produção de água quente, para aquecimento de piscimas, águas sanitárias ou para processos industriais a baixas (20-95ºC) e médias temperaturas (95ºC-250ºC) de funcionamento, podendo assim abranger diferentes tecnologias, desde coletores estacionários a coletores concentradores com seguimento. O território continental português é particularmente marcado pela extensa linha de costa que, juntamente com o elevado recurso solar, tem um forte impacto na durabilidade dos componentes dos coletores, quer sejam metálicos ou poliméricos, e no respetivo tempo de vida útil.
- Advanced cyclic accelerated aging testing of solar reflector materialsPublication . Wette, Johannes; Sutter, Florian; Tu, Mai; Fernández-Garcia, Aránzazu; Buendia, Francisco; Carvalho, Maria João; Cunha Diamantino, TeresaABSTRACT: Lifetime prediction methods for the components of concentrated solar power (CSP) plants have been in the focus of interest of manufacturers and plant developers for the past years. Recently, an accelerated aging standard for solar mirrors was published by the Spanish AENOR committee [1]. This standard allows performing comparative testing but it is not suited to derive meaningful life-time estimations. Firstly, the testing defined in the standard is not aggressive enough to produce significant degradation on most of the materials and secondly, it has been shown that the passing of these tests does not guarantee a high durability during outdoor exposure [2]. These findings have proven the need for the investigation of more realistic procedures. To provoke the mechanisms that are detected during outdoor exposure, a more realistic application of environmental stresses is being investigated. In this work a series of tests is conducted in which several weathering stresses are combined and applied in a cyclic manner. Some of these cycles have shown to correlate better with real outdoor behavior.