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ABSTRACT: In 2024, total energy-related CO₂ emissions increased by 0.8% compared with the previous year, reaching a record of 37.8 Gt CO₂. The transportation sector accounts for approximately one-third of global greenhouse gas emissions, where electrification is expected to play a crucial role in mitigation. Electric vehicles (EV) alone avoided 80 Mt of CO₂ emissions during the past year, highlighting the environmental benefits of transitioning to electric mobility (International Energy Agency, 2025). In this context, lithium (Li) is a key element in the global energy transition, primarily due to its use in EV battery components. However, Li is classified as critical raw material in the EU list due to its economic relevance and supply risk (European Commission, 2024). Ensuring that Li production is reliable and sufficient to meet the growing demand for modern technologies is essential for achieving long-term reductions in global CO₂ emissions. Conventional Li recovery from Li-bearing ores relies on metallurgical methods that consume high amounts of energy, with processing temperatures reaching up to 1100 °C, contributing to CO₂ emissions increase. These processes also generate co-products and solid waste, such as silicates and metal sulphates, which require additional purification steps, increasing both complexity and cost. The use of sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄) for ore digestion introduces further challenges, including corrosiveness, the need for frequent equipment maintenance and the release of harmful gases. From an environmental perspective, these operations may contribute to air pollution, acidification and wastewater generation.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Critical raw materials Lithium recovery Decarbonization Thermal treatment
Contexto Educativo
Citação
Almeida, J., Pedrosa, F., Plancha, M.J., Gonçalves, A., & Nogueira, C. (2026). Lithium Recovery from Spodumene via Calcium Chloride-Assisted Roasting. In: 13th International Conference on Sustainable Solid Waste Management, Kos Island, Greece, 24-27 June, 2026