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Bottlenecks in Lithium Recovery: From Spodumene Processing to Sustainable Battery Recycling [Comunicação oral]

2026-05Documento de conferência Acesso aberto
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datacite.subject.fosEngenharia e Tecnologia::Engenharia dos Materiais
datacite.subject.fosEngenharia e Tecnologia::Engenharia do Ambiente
datacite.subject.fosEngenharia e Tecnologia::Outras Engenharias e Tecnologias
datacite.subject.sdg11:Cidades e Comunidades Sustentáveis
datacite.subject.sdg12:Produção e Consumo Sustentáveis
datacite.subject.sdg13:Ação Climática
dc.contributor.authorAlmeida, Joana
dc.contributor.authorPedrosa, Fátima
dc.contributor.authorPlancha, Maria João
dc.contributor.authorNeiva Correia, Maria Joana
dc.contributor.authorNogueira, Carlos
dc.date.accessioned2026-10-14T09:56:56Z
dc.date.available2026-10-14T09:56:56Z
dc.date.issued2026-05
dc.description.abstractABSTRACT: Several mineralogical and process-related bottlenecks limit the efficiency and sustainability of Li extraction from spodumene, an important Li-bearing mineral. In its natural form, spodumene occurs as α-spodumene, a highly stable and refractory phase with low chemical reactivity. To aid effective Li extraction, it must first be converted into the more reactive β-spodumene through calcination at temperatures above 1000 °C [1]. This high-temperature treatment results in significant energy consumption and represents one of the major economic and environmental constraints of conventional spodumene processing. Following thermal activation, Li is extracted through acid roasting with H₂SO₄, which converts Li into soluble Li sulphate [2]. This method is widely used industrially and involves large quantities of corrosive reagents, generating acidic effluents, and producing waste residues that require proper management. The recycling of Li-ion batteries presents additional bottlenecks in the recovery of critical raw materials. Examples include complex and evolving cathode chemistry, difficulties in safe handling and dismantling, operational costs and economies of scale, and inefficient recovery. Although metals such as cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), manganese (Mg) and Li can be recovered through hydrometallurgical or pyrometallurgical processes, other battery components remain challenging to recover, such as graphite, which accounts for about 12–21 wt% of batteries [3]. High energy and reagent consumption, as well as inefficient recovery or lack of purity of the metals (Li, Ni, Co, Mn), are limiting the circularity of battery materials. To address these challenges, alternative approaches were investigated to reduce energy consumption and reagent use in spodumene processing. Mechanical activation (high energy milling) has been studied to induce structural disorder in α-spodumene, potentially lowering the temperature required for the follow α-to-β phase transformation. Other strategies include the use of CaCl₂ roasting to produce LiCl, as an alternative to H₂SO₄, reducing the dependence on strong acids. Additionally, leaching processes at or near room temperature are being explored to minimize thermal requirements. In battery recycling, process integration and flexibility, through correct design of hydrometallurgy flows and operations, is being pursued. These aim to reduce energy demand, minimize waste generation, and improve the sustainability of Li supply chains.eng
dc.identifier.citationAlmeida, J., Pedrosa, F., Plancha, M.J., Gonçalves, A., Neiva Correia, M.J. & Nogueira, C. (2026). Bottlenecks in Lithium Recovery: From Spodumene Processing to Sustainable Battery Recycling. In: Battery Science & Innovation Forum , INL, Braga, Portugal, 20-21 May, 2026
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/10400.9/6510
dc.language.isoeng
dc.peerreviewedno
dc.relationOpTIMAL NGS - New Generation Storage Towards a Sustainable Energy System
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
dc.subjectCritical raw materials
dc.subjectHydrometallurgy
dc.subjectLithium recovery
dc.subjectBatteries
dc.subjectRecycling
dc.subjectSustainability
dc.titleBottlenecks in Lithium Recovery: From Spodumene Processing to Sustainable Battery Recycling [Comunicação oral]eng
dc.typeconference object
dspace.entity.typePublication
oaire.awardNumber2022.42626.CPCA.A0
oaire.awardTitleOpTIMAL NGS - New Generation Storage Towards a Sustainable Energy System
oaire.awardURIhttp://hdl.handle.net/10400.9/6504
oaire.citation.conferenceDate2026-05-20
oaire.citation.conferencePlaceBraga, Portugal
oaire.citation.titleBattery Science & Innovation Forum
oaire.fundingStreamFCT_CPCA_2022_01
oaire.versionhttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_be7fb7dd8ff6fe43
person.familyNameAlmeida
person.familyNamePedrosa
person.familyNamePlancha
person.familyNameNeiva Correia
person.familyNameNogueira
person.givenNameJoana
person.givenNameFátima
person.givenNameMaria João
person.givenNameMaria Joana
person.givenNameCarlos
person.identifier.ciencia-id011E-FCCD-4FA6
person.identifier.orcid0000-0002-1247-9341
person.identifier.orcid0000-0002-0479-822X
person.identifier.orcid0009-0005-3142-9779
person.identifier.orcid0000-0002-9100-2700
person.identifier.orcid0000-0003-2949-5046
person.identifier.ridA-4926-2013
person.identifier.scopus-author-id7006686159
relation.isAuthorOfPublication6e94d6b2-96de-4603-ae67-4daf5169cc37
relation.isAuthorOfPublication2ce2b103-1205-4c2a-8799-fd7d9f5f7800
relation.isAuthorOfPublication34921da4-1a58-44c8-b908-96089f2b2261
relation.isAuthorOfPublication025fe69d-6450-4868-91d2-cb5fde82dfcf
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