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- Design issues for net zero-energy buildingsPublication . Aelenei, Laura Elena; Aelenei, Daniel; Goncalves, Helder; Lollini, Roberto; Musall, Eike; Scognamiglio, Alessandra; Cubi, Eduard; Noguchi, MassaNet Zero-Energy Buildings (NZEBs) have received increased attention in recent years as a result of constant concerns about energy supply constraints, decreasing energy resources, increasing energy costs and the rising impact of greenhouse gases on world climate. Promoting whole building strategies that employ passive measures together with energy efficient systems and technologies using renewable energy became a European political strategy following the publication of the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive recast in May 2010 by the European Parliament and Council. However designing successful NZEBs represents a challenge because the definitions are somewhat generic while assessment methods and monitoring approaches remain under development and the literature is relatively scarce about the best sets of solutions for different typologies and climates likely to deliver an actual and reliable performance in terms of energy balance (consumed vs generated) on a cost-effective basis. Additionally the lessons learned from existing NZEB examples are relatively scarce. The authors of this paper, who are participants in the IEA SHC Task 40-ECBCS Annex 52, “Towards Net Zero Energy Solar Buildings”, are willing to share insights from on-going research work on some best practice leading NZEB residential buildings. Although there is no standard approach for designing a Net Zero-Energy Building (there are many different possible combinations of passive and efficient active measures, utility equipment and on-site energy generation technologies able to achieve the net-zero energy performance), a close examination of the chosen strategies and the relative performance indicators of the selected case studies reveal that it is possible to achieve zero-energy performance using well known strategies adjusted so as to balance climate drivendemand for space heating/cooling, lighting, ventilation and other energy uses with climate-driven supply from renewable energy resources.
- Enhancing Market Readiness for nZEB ImplementationPublication . Aelenei, Laura Elena; Croitoru, C.; Korczak, K.; Petran, H.; O'Rourke-Potocki, H.; Tzanev, D.; Goncalves, Helder; Duarte, Ana Paula; Trindade, Paula; Loureiro, DavidABSTRACT: Despite transposing the 2010/31/EU Directive's requirements creates legal responsibilities at the national level, the nearly Zero energy building (nZEB) principle does not appear to be widely adopted just yet in many nations. Previous studies have shown that the most significant barriers include determining the cost-effective ideal integration of the technologies appropriate for nZEB and the skills constraints faced by the construction industry. In order to meet the challenge of an efficient nZEB implementation, existing certification courses and training programs are still insufficient and inadequate, and hiring experienced specialists for building retrofit and new construction is not common practice. The traditionally conservative real estate industry is nevertheless hesitant to adopt the new building standards and practices, notably in the residential sector, despite a significant movement towards nZEB and extensive energy renovation. In this specific situation, this paper provides a preliminary analysis of the European project nZEB Ready Enhancing Market Readiness for nZEB Implementation, which aims to address the issue of the effective implementation of the nZEB and make use of new possibilities to act at the market level in order to boost the market's readiness for a successful implementation of the nZEB and to encourage demand for energy-related skills among construction workers and specialists in the countries involved and beyond.
- From solar building design to Net Zero Energy Buildings: performance insights of an office buildingPublication . Aelenei, Laura Elena; Goncalves, HelderNet Zero-Energy Buildings Performance has gained more attention since the publication in 2010 of the EPBD recast [1]. Successful implementation of such an ambitious target depends on a great variety of factors. With a literature full of theoretical advice and a building industry rife with myths about the value of technologies, the present study intend to unveil an sustainable framework for sharing insights into NetZEB methodology applied in an Portuguese office building, Solar XXI, based on the authors experience in the ongoing research carried out within International Energy Agency SHC Task 40 - ECBCS Annex 52, "Towards Net Zero Energy Solar Buildings”.
- Implementing cost-optimal methodology in existing public buildingsPublication . Aelenei, Laura Elena; Paduos, S.; Petran, H.; Tarrés, J.; Ferreira, Ana R.; Corrado, V.; Camelo, Susana; Polychroni, E.; Sfakisnaki, K.; Goncalves, Helder; Salom, J.; Riva, G.; Murano, G.This study presents some preliminary results of an on-going European Project, RePublic_ZEB, where an analysis is conducted for identifying the cost optimal levels for the existing buildings, towards nearly Zero Energy Buildings (nZEB) performance. The analysis is applied to the reference building for an existing office building in five different countries: Italy, Portugal, Romania, Spain and Greece. The evaluation tool uses a new cost optimization procedure based on a sequential search- optimization technique considering discrete options is applied and the results will be presented in terms of optimal “package of measures”, energy consumption and global costs. Finally a cross-country analysis will be performed.
- Improving the Energy Performance of Public Buildings in the Mediterranean Climate via a Decision Support ToolPublication . Gouveia, João Pedro; Aelenei, Laura Elena; Aelenei, Daniel; Ourives, Raquel; Bessa, SaloméABSTRACT: Addressing Europe's decarbonisation challenge involves widespread deployment of nearly zero-energy buildings, deep energy renovations and renewable energy integration in the building sector. Enhancing energy efficiency in public buildings necessitates tailored solutions and strategic planning involving Local Public Administration. This work focuses on advancing insights into the application of the PrioritEE Decision Support Tool in Portuguese public buildings, highlighting the energy and financial savings and carbon dioxide emission reduction potential. Using detailed building characterisation data from energy performance certificates, we applied the tool across 22 public buildings of diverse typologies in three distinct regions of Portugal, representing various public entities. Results demonstrate the tool's adaptability, enabling a comprehensive assessment of energy performance and facilitating the exploration of customised energy efficiency and renewable energy solutions. The research emphasises the critical role of user-friendly tools in aiding policymakers and local administration technicians in meeting national renovation targets and contributing to the broader energy transition objectives.
- Investigating the potential for energy flexibility in an office building with a vertical BIPV and a PV roof systemPublication . Aelenei, Daniel; Lopes, Rui Amaral; Aelenei, Laura Elena; Goncalves, HelderABSTRACT: Building Integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV) are becoming an attractive solution in the context of high penetration of photovoltaics (PV) in buildings caused by the strive to achieve net or nearly zero energy status. Besides retrieving solar radiation to produce electricity, BIPV also offers aesthetical advantages because of its architectural feature. This paper reports on the electrical energy performance of a passive solar office building, Solar XXI, located in Lisbon, Portugal, which has installed on the South façade a BIPV (12 kWp) and an additional photovoltaic roof system in a nearby car park facility (12 kWp) for electricity generation. The main objective is to investigate the potential to increase load matching between energy generation and consumption and improve grid interaction for two scenarios using the energy flexibility enabled by the integration of Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS) with capacities ranging from 13.5 kWh to 54 kWh. To collect the required results, real consumption and generation data are used, together with numerical simulations related to the integration of the BESS. The results show that load matching and grid interaction related metrics can be significantly improved by using the energy flexibility provided by a BESS and that the implementation of such system can be economically viable for a 10-year period.
- Mapping flexibility of urban energy systems (FIRST) project: rationale and study design of an exploratory projectPublication . Aelenei, Daniel; Lopes, Rui Amaral; Silva, Carlos; Costa, F.; Majdalani, N.; Simões, Teresa; Goncalves, Helder; Aelenei, Laura ElenaABSTRACT: With the publication of the new Energy Performance of Buildings Directive, a large number of buildings are expected to become high energy performance and explore more the availability of renewable energy resources. Such buildings are often described in literature as nearly Zero-Energy Buildings (nZEB). Because renewable energy sources, such as wind and solar power, have an intrinsic variability, the zero-energy annual balance of nZEBs is difficult to reach at short time resolution (e.g. hourly). Thus, since electricity generation from small-scale solar renewable (typical case in Portugal) in individual households has limited capacity to be adjusted according to the power system needs, it is relevant to consider the demand flexibility potential, specially at community level (cluster of buildings). Unfortunately, there is a lack of studies on the impact of changes in electricity use at urban level on the future energy systems. Therefore, an approach addressing the energy flexibility (EF) in buildings may allow obtaining useful exploratory directions for the construction sector and related markets, policy makers and regulatory bodies. For these reasons, an exploratory project aimed at examining the potential of EF at the level of an existent neighbourhood in Lisbon was initiated. In this article we describe the objectives, design, and methods of the FIRST project, designed to map out the potential for EF in terms of benefits and costs in Lisbon.
- Net Zero Energy Residential Building Case StudiesPublication . Aelenei, Laura Elena; Ayoub, Josef; Aelenei, DanielA number of International Energy Agency (IEA) member countries have adopted a vision of so-called "net zero energy buildings" (NZEBs) as long-term goals of their energy policies. However, what has been missing is a clear definition and international agreement on the mesures of building performence that could inform "zero energy" building policies, programmes and industry adoption worldwide.
- New challenge of the public buildings: nZEB findings from IEE RePublic_ZEB ProjectPublication . Aelenei, Laura Elena; Petran, H.; Tarrés, J.; Riva, G.; Ferreira, Ana R.; Camelo, Susana; Corrado, V.; Sijanec-Zavrl, M.; Stegnar, G.; Goncalves, Helder; Magyar, Z.; Salom, J.; Polychroni, E.; Sfakianaki, K.Nearly Zero-Energy Buildings (nZEBs) have received increased attention in recent years as a result of constant concerns for energy supply constraints, decreasing energy resources, increasing energy costs and rising impact of greenhouse gases on world climate. The EPBD recast directive [1] requests all new buildings to meet higher levels of performance than before, by exploring more the alternative energy supply systems available locally on a cost-efficiency basis and without prejudicing the occupants’ comfort. To this end, after 2020, all new buildings should become “nearly zero-energy” and after 31 December 2018, the same requirement is applied for new buildings occupied and owned by public authorities. Furthermore, the EPBD recast states that MS must ensure that minimum energy performance requirements for buildings are set with a view to achieving cost-optimal levels according to the Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) No 244/2012 of 16 January 2012. In this context, the authors of this paper, who are participants in the recent started European project RePublic_ZEB, are willing to share the initial findings from on- going research work. Public buildings constitute a specific class of buildings that require a complex analysis from the statistic point of view taking into consideration the definition and typologies and other specific parameters related with. Thus, this paper will focus on the analysis of public building stocks in the countries covered by the project consortium with the view to define relevant parameters characterizing the reference public buildings that will be considered in the further analysis regarding the assessment of cost-effective packages of solutions towards nZEB levels of performance. A review of nZEB holistic approach, definitions and existing implemented policies in the participant countries, will be presented as well.
- Optimization assessment of the energy performance of a BIPV/T-PCM system using Genetic AlgorithmsPublication . Pereira, R.; Aelenei, Laura ElenaABSTRACT: In this paper, a BIPV/T-PCM installed in an office building façade is investigated to approach the system efficiency optimization using Genetic Algorithm method. Based on an updated mathematical model, theoretical simulation has been conducted for BIPV/T-PCM in this case for the existing system set-up (geometry-air cavity width, ventilation, system layers). Furthermore, field testing for this case has also been performed to validate the model, and then the simulated and experimental results are compared and found in considerably good agreement. The overall energy efficiency of the system was evaluated for winter and summer condition adopting different utilization strategies and optimization variables have been identified. The thermal and electric efficiencies were calculated based on the optimization variables and the results shown that the system can achieve a maximum overall efficiency of 64% with winter configuration and 32% with summer configuration.
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