Browsing by Author "O'Malley, Mark"
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- Design and operation of energy systems with large amounts of variable generation: Final summary report, IEA Wind TCP Task 25Publication . Holttinen, Hannele; Kiviluoma, Juha; Helistö, Niina; Levy, Thomas; Menemenlis, Nickie; Jun, Liu; Cutululis, Nicolaos Antonio; Koivisto, Matti; Das, Kaushik; Orths, Antje; Eriksen, Peter Børre; Neau, Emmanuel; Bourmaud, Jean-Yves; Dobschinski, Jan; Pellinger, Christoph; von Roon, Serafin; Guminski, Andrej; Flynn, Damian; Carlini, Enrico Maria; Yasuda, Yoh; Tanabe, Ryuya; Watson, Simon; van der Meer, Arjen; Morales-España, Germán; Korpås, Magnus; Vrana, Til Kristian; Estanqueiro, Ana; Couto, António; Silva, Bernardo; Martínez, Sergio Martín; Söder, Lennart; Strbac, Goran; Pudjianto, Danny; Giannelos, Spyros; Frew, Bethany; Hodge, Bri-Mathias; Shah, Shahil; Smith, J. Charles; Lew, Debbie; O'Malley, Mark; Klonari, VasilikiABSTRACT: This report summarises findings on wind integration from the 17 countries or sponsors participating in the International Energy Agency Wind Technology Collaboration Programme (IEA Wind TCP) Task 25 from 2006–2020. Both real experience and studies are reported. Many wind integration studies incorporate solar energy, and most of the results discussed here are valid for other variable renewables in addition to wind. The national case studies address several impacts of wind power on electric power systems. In this report, they are grouped under long-term planning issues and short-term operational impacts. Long-term planning issues include grid planning and capacity adequacy. Short-term operational impacts include reliability, stability, reserves, and maximising the value of wind in operational timescales (balancing related issues). The first section presents the variability and uncertainty of power system-wide wind power, and the last section presents recent studies toward 100% shares of renewables. The appendix provides a summary of ongoing research in the national projects contributing to Task 25 for 2021–2024. The design and operation of power and energy systems is an evolving field. As ambitious targets toward net-zero carbon energy systems are announced globally, many scenarios are being made regarding how to reach these future decarbonized energy systems, most of them involving large amounts of variable renewables, mainly wind and solar energy. The secure operation of power systems is increasingly challenging, and the impacts of variable renewables, new electrification loads together with increased distribution system resources will lead to somewhat different challenges for different systems. Tools and methods to study future power and energy systems also need to evolve, and both short term operational aspects (such as power system stability) and long-term aspects (such as resource adequacy) will probably see new paradigms of operation and design. The experience of operating and planning systems with large amounts of variable generation is accumulating, and research to tackle the challenges of inverter-based, nonsynchronous generation is on the way. Energy transition and digitalization also bring new flexibility opportunities, both short and long term.
- Design and operation of power systems with large amounts of wind power : Final report, Phase one 2006-08, IEA WIND Task 25Publication . Holttinen, Hannele; Meibom, Peter; Orths, Antje; Van Hulle, Frans; Lange, Bernhard; O'Malley, Mark; Smith, J. Charles; Estanqueiro, Ana; Ricardo, João; Ummels, Bart C.; Gomez, Emilio; Matos, M.; Soder, Lennart; Shakoor, Anser; Strbac, Goran; Tande, John O.; Pierik, Jan; Ela, Erik; Milligan, MichaelThere are already several power systems coping with large amounts of wind power. High penetration of wind power has impacts that have to be managed through proper plant interconnection, integration, transmission planning, and system and market operations. This report is a summary of case studies addressing concerns about the impact of wind power s variability and uncertainty on power system reliability and costs. The case studies summarized in this report are not easy to compare due to different methodology and data used, as well as different assumptions on the interconnection capacity available. Integration costs of wind power need to be compared to something, like the production costs or market value of wind power, or integration cost of other production forms. There is also benefit when adding wind power to power systems: it reduces the total operating costs and emissions as wind replaces fossil fuels. Several issues that impact on the amount of wind power that can be integrated have been identified. Large balancing areas and aggregation benefits of large areas help in reducing the variability and forecast errors of wind power as well as help in pooling more cost effective balancing resources. System operation and working electricity markets at less than day-ahead time scales help reduce forecast errors of wind power. Transmission is the key to aggregation benefits,electricity markets and larger balancing areas. From the investigated studies it follows that at wind penetrations of up to 20 % of gross demand (energy), system operating cost increases arising from wind variability and uncertainty amounted to about 1 4 /MWh. This is 10 % or less of the wholesale value of the wind energy.
- Design and operation of power systems with large amounts of wind power: State of the art reportPublication . Holttinen, Hannele; Lemstrom, Bettina; Meibom, Peter; Bindner, Henrik; Orths, Antje; Van Hulle, Frans; Ensslin, Cornel; Tiedemann, Albrecht; Hofmann, Lutz; Winter, Wilhelm; Tuohy, Aidan; O'Malley, Mark; Smith, Paul; Pierik, Jan; Tande, John O.; Estanqueiro, Ana; Ricardo, João; Gomez, Emilio; Soder, Lennart; Strbac, Goran; Shakoor, Anser; Smith, J. Charles; Parsons, Brian; Milligan, Michael; Wan, Yih H.High penetration of wind power has impacts that have to be managed through proper plant interconnection, integration, transmission planning, and system and market operations. This report is a summary of case studies addressing concerns about the impact of wind powers variability and uncertainty on power system reliability and costs. The case studies summarized in this report are not easy to compare due to different methodology and data used, as well as different assumptions on the interconnection capacity available. Integration costs of wind power need to be compared to something, like the production costs or market value of wind power, or integration cost of other production forms. There is also benefit when adding wind power to power systems: it reduces the total operating costs and emissions as wind replaces fossil fuels. Several issues that impact on the amount of wind power that can be integrated have been identified. Large balancing areas and aggregation benefits of large areas help in reducing the variability and forecast errors of wind power as well as help in pooling more cost effective balancing resources. System operation and working electricity markets at less than day-ahead time scales help reduce forecast errors of wind power. Transmission is the key to aggregation benefits, electricity markets and larger balancing areas. From the investigated studies it follows that at wind penetrations of up to 20% of gross demand (energy), system operating cost increases arising from wind variability and uncertainty amounted to about 14 /MWh. This is 10% or less of the wholesale value of the wind energy. With current technology, wind power plants can be designed to meet industry expectations such as riding through voltage dips, supplying reactive power to the system, controlling terminal voltage, and participating in system operation with output and ramp rate control. The cost of grid reinforcements due to wind power is very dependent on where the wind power plants are located relative to load and grid infrastructure. The grid reinforcement costs from studies in this report vary from 50 /kW to 160 /kW. The costs are not continuous; there can be single very high cost reinforcements, and there can also be differences in how the costs are allocated to wind power. Wind generation will also provide some additional load carrying capability to meet forecasted increases in system demand. This contribution can be up to 40% of installed capacity if wind power production at times of high load is high, and down to 5% in higher penetrations and if local wind characteristics correlate negatively with the system load profile. Aggregating larger areas benefits the capacity credit of wind power. State-of-the-art best practices so far include (i) capturing the smoothed out variability of wind power production time series for the geographic diversity assumed and utilising wind forecasting best practice for the uncertainty of wind power production (ii) examining wind variation in combination with load variations, coupled with actual historic utility load and load forecasts (iii) capturing system characteristics and response through operational simulations and modelling and (iv) examining actual costs independent of tariff design structure.
- Dynamic models of wind farms for power system studies: status by IEA Wind R&D Annex 21Publication . Tande, John O.; Muljadi, Eduard; Carlson, Ola; Pierik, Jan; Estanqueiro, Ana; Sorensen, Poul; O'Malley, Mark; Mullane, Alan; Anaya-Lara, Olimpo; Lemstrom, BettinaDynamic models of wind farms for power system studies are at present not a standard feature of many software tools, but are being developed by research institutes, universities and commercial entities. Accurate dynamic wind farm models are critical; hence model validation is a key issue and taken up by IEA Wind R&D Annex 21. This international working group includes participants from nine countries, and has since start-up in 2002 developed a systematic approach for model benchmark testing. This paper present this methodology, including example benchmark test results, but also gives an overview of the various wind farm models now being available from both Annex partners and external entities.
- Experience and challenges with short-term balancing in european systems with large share of wind powerPublication . Soder, Lennart; Abildgaard, Hans; Estanqueiro, Ana; Hamon, Camile; Holttinen, Hannele; Lannoye, E.; Gomez-Lázaro, E.; O'Malley, Mark; Zimmermann, UweThe amount of wind power in the world is quickly increasing. The background for this development is improved technology, decreased costs for the units, and increased concern regarding environmental problems of competing technologies such as fossil fuels. Some areas are starting to experience very high penetration levels of wind and there have been many instances when wind power has exceeded 50% of the electrical energy production in some balancing areas. The aims of this paper are to show the increased need for balancing, caused by wind power in the minutes to hourly time scale, and to show how this balancing has been performed in some systems when the wind share was higher than 50%. Experience has shown that this is possible, but that there are some challenges that have to be solved as the amount of wind power increases.
- Impacts of large amounts of wind power on design and operation of power systems, results of IEA collaborationPublication . Holttinen, Hannele; Meibom, Peter; Orths, Antje; Lange, Bernhard; O'Malley, Mark; Tande, John O.; Estanqueiro, Ana; Gomez, Emilio; Soder, Lennart; Strabac, Goran; Smith, J. Charles; Van Hulle, FransThere are dozens of studies made and ongoing related to wind integration. However, the results are not easy to compare. IEA WIND R&D Task 25 on ‘Design and Operation of Power Systems with Large Amounts of Wind Power’ collects and shares information on wind generation impacts on power systems, with analyses and guidelines on methodologies. In the state-of-the-art report (October, 2007), and the fi nal report of the 3 years period (July, 2009) the most relevant wind power grid integration studies have been analysed especially regarding methodologies and input data. Several issues that impact on the amount of wind power that can be integrated have been identifi ed. Large balancing areas and aggregation benefi ts of wide areas help in reducing the variability and forecast errors of wind power as well as help in pooling more cost effective balancing resources. System operation and functioning electricity markets at less than day-ahead time scales help reduce forecast errors of wind power. Transmission is the key to aggregation benefi ts, electricity markets and larger balancing areas. Best practices in wind integration studies are described. There is also benefi t when adding wind power to power systems: it reduces the total operating costs and emissions as wind replaces fossil fuels and this should be highlighted more in future studies.
- Impacts of large amounts of wind power on design and operation of power systems, results of IEA collaborationPublication . Holttinen, Hannele; Meibom, Peter; Orths, Antje; O'Malley, Mark; Ummels, Bart C.; Tande, John O.; Estanqueiro, Ana; Gomez, Emilio; Smith, J. Charles; Ela, ErikThere are a multitude of studies made and ongoing related to cost of wind integration. However, the results are not easy to compare. An international forum for exchange of knowledge of power system impacts of wind power has been formed under the IEA Implementing Agreement on Wind Energy. IEA WIND R&D Task 25 on "Design and Operation of Power Systems with Large Amounts of Wind Power" has produced a state-of-the-art report in October 2007, where the most relevant wind power grid integration studies are analysed especially regarding methodologies and input data. This paper summarises the results from 18 case studies with discussion on the differences in the methodology as well as issues that have been identified to impact the cost of wind integration.
- System impact studies for near 100% renewable energy systems dominated by inverter based variable generationPublication . Holttinen, Hannele; Kiviluoma, Juha; Flynn, Damian; Smith, J. Charles; Orths, Antje; Eriksen, Peter Børre; Cutululis, Nicolaos Antonio; Söder, Lennart; Korpås, Magnus; Estanqueiro, Ana; MacDowell, Jason; Tuohy, Aidan; Vrana, Til Kristian; O'Malley, MarkABSTRACT: The demand for low carbon energy calls for close to 100% renewable power systems, with decarbonization of other energy sectors adding to the anticipated paradigm shift. Rising levels of variable inverter-based renewable energy sources (VIBRES) are prompting questions about how such systems will be planned and operated when variable renewable generation becomes the dominant technology. Here, we examine the implications of this paradigm shift with respect to planning, operation and system stability, also addressing the need for integration with other energy vectors, including heat, transport and Power-to-X. We highlight the knowledge gaps and provide recommendations for improved methods and models needed as power systems transform towards 100% VIBRES.
- Transmission planning for wind energy in the United States and Europe: status and prospectsPublication . Smith, J. Charles; Osborn, D.; Zavaldi, R.; Lasher, W.; Gomez-Lázaro, E.; Estanqueiro, Ana; Trotscher, Thomas; Tande, J.; Korpås, Magnus; Van Hulle, Frans; Holttinen, Hannele; Orths, Antje; Burke, Daniel; O'Malley, Mark; Dobschinski, Jan; Rawn, B.; Gibescu, Madeline; Dale, L.This paper provides an overview ofmajor transmission planning activities related to wind integration studies in the United States and Europe. Transmission planning for energy resources is different from planning for capacity resources. Those differences are explained, and illustrated with examples from several regions of the United States and Europe. Transmission planning for wind is becoming an iterative process consisting of generation expansion planning, economic-based transmission planning, system reliability analysis, and wind integration studies. A brief look at the policy environment in which this activity is taking place is provided. A set of coherent and collaborative transmission planning, siting, and permitting policies and cost allocation method must be developed to achieve the intended objectives. The scale of transmission development envisioned for this purpose will require unprecedented cooperation across multiple jurisdictional boundaries.