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- Li-ion Battery Recycling: A Summary ReviewPublication . Nogueira, Carlos; Neiva Correia, Maria Joana; Margarido, Fernanda; Plancha, Maria João; Pedrosa, Fátima; Gonçalves, Ana; Silva, Clara; Silva, SaraABSTRACT: A short review of battery recycling technologies is presented. Main components and materials of battery cells, modules and packs are identified, highlighting their compositions and contents. Main component of packs is aluminium, followed by the cathode materials, anode materials, copper and polymers. Safe discharge of the spent batteries is mandatory, and the subsequent dismantling allows separation and valorisation of the aluminium casings, electronic components, polymers and steel. The resulting cells or modules are pretreated by shearing and drying, and the solvent and evolving gases shall be safely treated and disposed. Physical separation operations, including secondary shredding, sieving, gravity separation, among others, are applied to separate the Al, Cu and polymer fragments from the electrode powders (black mass). Metallurgical processing, by hydro or pyrometallurgy, allows further recovery of the metals in pure forms, which are then sent back to the market. Nowadays, several hydrometallurgical processes are being introduced, allowing high recovery yields of the most important metals such as lithium, cobalt, nickel and manganese. By this way, a more sustainable management of the resources can be achieved.
- Lithium-Ion Battery Recycling by Physical Processing: Evaluation of Recovery and Metal Content in Shredding and Sieving OperationsPublication . Nogueira, Carlos; Margarido, Fernanda; Neiva Correia, Maria Joana; Pedrosa, Fátima; Plancha, Maria João; Gonçalves, AnaABSTRACT: Recycling of spent Li-ion batteries is essential for the sustainable management of critical raw materials for battery production. The pre-metallurgical steps, involving shredding and physical processing, are important operations for separation and concentration of the electrode powders constituting the black mass. This paper presents a laboratorial study of the shredding of pouch-type LIB cells to assess the efficiency of liberation of the powders of electrode materials, envisaging their recovery. The particle size distribution and the elemental chemical analysis of the main metals in the cathode materials (Li, Ni, Co, Mn) as well as the main contaminants (Al, Cu) allowed to assess the recovery yields and purity of the fine fraction obtained in the sieving operation. The results showed that the cell casings (aluminum laminate) were essentially present in the coarser sizes (8–10 mm). Cathode metals were mainly in the intermediate and fine fraction, both as liberated particles and as particles within Al foil (thus, not liberated). Several scenarios for separation of cathode powders were studied. The main conclusion is that, by using a separation sieve of 0.5 mm, it is possible to recover 44% of the cathode materials with low contamination of Al and Cu (with contents 0.6% and 3.7%, respectively). This is a good achievement when considering simple shredding and sieving operations. Higher recoveries would need more grinding steps and other physical processing operations.