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- Project 3.3 -Task 1 Report - Literature review: Hydrogen transport options for vehicle supplyPublication . Costa, Paula; Portillo, Juan C. C.; Simoes, SofiaABSTRACT: Among the different applications in which hydrogen technology has become the protagonist, the transport sector should be particularly mentioned. It is expected that, by 2030, 1 in 12 cars sold in Germany, Japan, California, and South Korea will be powered by hydrogen, and that more than 350,000 hydrogen trucks will be able to transport large quantities of goods, while thousands of trains and ships can carry passengers without emitting carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. The decarbonisation of road transport can be achieved by implementing fuel cells in electric vehicles. Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles (FCEV) are a necessary complement to Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs). FCEVs are more convenient for long distances with better performance for heavy vehicles that can benefit from the higher autonomy provided by hydrogen for long-distance transport, but it has lower energy efficiency than BEVs (Genovese & Fragiacomo, 2023). However, the possibility of rapid refuelling is an important advantage (Sinigaglia et al., 2017). However, the success of the implementation of this new technology is facing several obstacles. Among them, the lack of suitable and connected infrastructure and the high initial investment cost. So, hydrogen refuelling stations (HRSs) must be fully implemented as they are one of the most important parts of the hydrogen economy in the transport sector.
- Hydrogen storage in PortugalPublication . Simoes, Sofia; Amorim, Filipa; Portillo, Juan C. C.; Machado, Susana; Carvalho, João; Dias, Ruben Pereira; Sampaio, José; Picado, Ana; Catarino, Justina; Rangel, C. M.; Lopes, Tiago; Gírio, Francisco; Ponce Leao, Maria TeresaABSTRACT: This Policy Brief provides an overview of the technologies and challenges associated with hydrogen storage, a fundamental link in the hydrogen value chain. Portugal reached an electricity share of about 70% from renewable energy sources in 2023 (APREN, 2024). It is an outstanding historical achievement. The electricity share from wind energy was 27.3%, followed by hydropower generation with 24.7%, solar with 12.1%, and biomass with about 6%. The Portuguese energy mix has undoubtedly been diversified, but to achieve the national goal of becoming carbon-neutral, it is necessary to increase the efforts to decarbonise our industries, transport, residential, and agricultural sectors. The revised Energy and Climate National Plan (PNEC) 2030 states that about 3 GW of electrolysers shall be installed by 2030, and this will require renewable energy electricity generation capacity in the order of 8.6 GW from different onshore and offshore sources. Solar and wind energy are the technologies expected to grow the most in the next decade. The increase in such renewable energy power plants implies greater integration challenges due to their variability in time. Therefore, incorporating energy carriers that can absorb the excess energy and supply it back when necessary is paramount to guarantee the flexibility needed to maintain our grids operating smoothly and continuously. This could be achieved through hydrogen (H2) production, storage, distribution, transformation into other compounds, and use in different sectors. However, the hydrogen market is incipient. To develop it, it is necessary to rely on emerging technologies that must be tested and then upscaled, counting on the support and involvement of public and private actors.