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- Intercomparison of opto-thermal spectral measurements for concentrating solar thermal receiver materials from room temperature up to 800 °CPublication . Caron, Simon; Farchado, Meryem; San Vicente, Gema; Morales, Angel; Ballestrin, Jesus; Carvalho, Maria João; Páscoa, Soraia; Baron, Estelle; Disdier, Angela; Guillot, Emmanuel; Escape, Christophe; Binyamin, Yaniv; Baidossi, Mubeen; Sutter, Florian; Roger, Marc; Manzano-Agugliaro, FranciscoABSTRACT: An intercomparison of opto-thermal spectral measurements has been performed for some relevant receiver materials in concentrating solar thermal applications, from room temperature up to 800 degrees C. Five European laboratories performed spectral measurements at room temperature, while two laboratories performed infrared spectral measurements at operating temperature up to 800 degrees C. Relevant materials include Haynes 230 (oxidized, Pyromark 2500 and industrial black coating) and silicon carbide. Two key figures of merit were analyzed: i) solar absorptance alpha sol at room temperature, over the spectral range [0.3 - 2.5] mu m, ii) thermal emittance epsilon th(T), over the common spectral range [2-14] mu m, derived from spectral measurements performed from room temperature up to 800 degrees C. Oxidized H230 reached an alpha sol value of 90.9 +/- 1.0%. Pyromark 2500 reached an alpha sol value of 96.3 +/- 0.5%, while the industrial black coating achieved an alpha sol value of 97.0 +/- 0.4%. Silicon carbide reached an alpha sol value of 93.5 +/- 1.1%. Low standard deviations in alpha sol indicate reproducible measurements at room temperature. For oxidized H230, the epsilon th,calc(T) value varied from 55% at room temperature up to 81% at 800 degrees C. For Pyromark 2500 and the industrial black coating, epsilon th,calc(T) fluctuated between 90% and 95%, with a weak temperature dependence. For silicon carbide, epsilon th,calc(T) varied from 70% at room temperature up to 86% at 800 degrees C. The typical standard deviation among participating laboratories is about 3%. epsilon th,meas(T) values derived from spectral measurements at operating temperature were consistent within a few percentage points in comparison to epsilon th,calc(T) values derived from spectral measurements at room temperature.
- Optical properties of solar absorbers : results on Round Robin and guidelinesPublication . Carvalho, Maria João; Páscoa, Soraia; Sallaberry, Fabienne; Wilson, Helen Rose; Fischer, S.; Loren, Anders; Bohren, Andreas; Nielsen, Jan ErikABSTRACT: The scope of the standard ISO 22975-3:2014 is the determination of the long term behavior and service life of selective solar absorbers for use in vented flat plate collectors used in typical solar domestic hot water systems or combisystems. With this scope, this standard can be the basis for the certification of solar absorbers in the framework of Solar Keymark European Certification Scheme. Measurements of optical properties are fundamental to support this certification. Six test laboratories participated in a Round Robin test for the measurement of solar absorptance and thermal emittance of different absorber coatings. The samples used were one PVD coating and two selective paint coatings all on aluminum substrates. The results were submitted anonymously and were analyzed according to standard ISO 13528:2015. The results obtained showed good agreement among the measurements made by the participants and allowed the preparation of guidelines to guarantee quality of the measurements of optical properties of solar absorbers. A proposal to include absorber coatings in the Solar Keymark certification scheme was prepared.
- Accelerated aging tests to selective solar absorber coatings for low temperature applicationsPublication . Cunha Diamantino, Teresa; Gonçalves, Rita; Páscoa, Soraia; Alves, Isabel Nascimento; Carvalho, Maria JoãoABSTRACT: The need of a higher role of solar energy within the energy mix in the coming decades obliges the collectors to increase their performance and reliability. It is demanded that the solar absorbers, as the key component of solar thermal collectors, should be low cost with high efficiency for extended lifetimes under different kinds of environments. Commercially, there are presently two main types of solutions as selective solar absorbers coatings for low temperature applications: coatings obtained by physical vapour deposition (PVD) and by paint coatings (PC). These coatings present different physical and chemical characteristics. Therefore, it is important to know how these commercial coatings degrade over time in different environments. Results obtained with two different PVD coatings and three PC, under different accelerated aging tests, are presented. The aging tests performed included different environmental stress corrosion conditions: temperature, humidity, chlorides, sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides. The chlorides and the gases SO2 and NO2 affect distinctly the different selective coatings. Cyclic variation of corrosion promoting gases (sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide), higher humidity, salt spraying and drying seem to be an aging test that reflects the different environments where the solar thermal collectors are exposed. In addition to the contaminants, drying/wetting cycles also play an important role in degradation mechanisms of absorber coatings. So, the international standard ISO 22975-3 needs to be revised to include cyclic conditions with these contaminants.
- Novos serviços laboratoriais de suporte na otimização de coletores solares térmicos: projeto LIFESOLAR - 2ª partePublication . Páscoa, Soraia; Cunha Diamantino, Teresa; Carvalho, Maria JoãoRESUMO: Portugal é um país com grande potancial de aproveitamento de energia solar térmica para aplicações domésticas e industriais. Estas aplicações podem ser utilizadas para produção de água quente, para aquecimento de piscimas, águas sanitárias ou para processos industriais a baixas (20-95ºC) e médias temperaturas (95ºC-250ºC) de funcionamento, podendo assim abranger diferentes tecnologias, desde coletores estacionários a coletores concentradores com seguimento. O território continental português é particularmente marcado pela extensa linha de costa que, juntamente com o elevado recurso solar, tem um forte impacto na durabilidade dos componentes dos coletores, quer sejam metálicos ou poliméricos, e no respetivo tempo de vida útil.
- Irradiância solar (global, direta e difusa) – metodologia de controlo de qualidade: aplicação a séries temporais medidas no LES/LNEG, LisboaPublication . Marques, Filipe; Páscoa, Soraia; Carvalho, Maria João; Cardoso, João P.RESUMO: A medida das componentes da radiação solar (global, direta e difusa) é muito importante na caracterização de sistemas solares e seus componentes (ex.: coletores solares) em laboratório. As normas de ensaio definem os requisitos necessários aos equipamentos utilizados para a realização das referidas medidas, mas não definem o controlo de qualidade dos dados. A necessidade de medir não só a componente global da radiação solar no plano do coletor, mas também a radiação direta e difusa, permite ao LES ser também detentor de uma base de dados útil noutras áreas de investigação de sistemas de conversão da radiação solar. Desenvolveu-se a aplicação, SIMONEAPP, que integra um controlo de qualidade seguindo o método QCRADv2. Quando aplicada ao período 2015-2018, permitiu identificar erros de medida de irradiância difusa decorrentes do uso de anel de sombreamento e outros erros de medida da irradiância previamente identificados durante a operação regular da estação meteorológica. No entanto, a metodologia assinalou potenciais erros entre os 2º e os 19º de altitude solar, cuja natureza será ainda necessário investigar.
- Solar Irradiance (Global, Direct and Diffuse) Quality Control Methodologies. Review: Application to Time Series Measured At LES/LNEG, Lisboa, PortugalPublication . Marques, Filipe; Páscoa, Soraia; Carvalho, Maria João; Cardoso, João P.ABSTRACT: Solar irradiance spatial and temporal quantification is essential to the development, implementation, and operation of solar systems, being used throughout a solar project lifecycle. It is crucial to have good quality data measured in meteorological and radiometric ground stations in order to enable the calibration and validation of irradiance models and data series. The Solar Energy laboratory at LNEG operates a meteorological station gathering relevant parameters to characterize the solar irradiation profile for the city of Lisbon in Portugal. This work presents and compares the application of different methodologies used for quality control of solar irradiance measurements. Three methods - the CIE (1994) / Muneer and Fairooz (2002), the QCRad and the IEC - were tested against two synthetic data sets: a clear-sky year and a typical meteorological year randomly and uniformly infused with errors. IEC showed to have limitation regarding the extreme value criteria for beam normal irradiance and CIE for the diffuse horizontal irradiance. The QCRad presented the best performance, with total sensitivity above 80% and maximum specificity. This method was applied to the measured data of LES-LNEG between 2014 and 2018. Most of the detected errors were detected during the coherence test stage, having a higher prevalence between 2015 and mid-2016, highlighting the need to modify the diffuse horizontal irradiance measuring system.
- Accelerated aging tests for solar absorber coatingsPublication . Cunha Diamantino, Teresa; Gonçalves, Rita; Páscoa, Soraia; Alves, Isabel Nascimento; Chambino, Teresa; Ferreira, Cristina; Carvalho, Maria JoãoABSTRACT: The need of a higher role of solar energy within the energy mix in the coming decades obliges the systems to increase their performance and reliability. It is demanded that the solar absorbers, as the key component of solar thermal systems, should be low cost with high efficiency for extended lifetimes under different kinds of environments. Commercially, there are two different types of solutions as selective solar absorbers coatings: coatings obtained by physical vapor deposition (PVD) and by paint coatings (PC). These coatings present different physical and chemical characteristics. Therefore, it is important to know how these coatings degrade over time in different environments. Results obtained with two different PVD coatings and three PC, under different accelerated aging tests, are presented. The aging tests performed included different environmental stress corrosion conditions: temperature, humidity, chlorides, sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides. Cyclic variation of corrosion promoting gases (sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide), higher humidity, salt spraying and drying seem to be an aging test that reflects the different environments where the solar thermal collectors are exposed. In addition to the contaminants, drying / wetting cycles also play an important role in degradation mechanisms of absorber coatings.
- Assessment of durability of solar absorbers : performance criterionPublication . Páscoa, Soraia; Carvalho, Maria João; Cunha Diamantino, TeresaABSTRACT: Solar fraction, Fs, defined as the ratio between the delivered energy from a solar domestic hot water (DHW) system and the load (thermal energy necessary to satisfy domestic water heating needs), is widely accepted as performance indicator for this type of systems. Considering solar absorptance αs and thermal emittance εt as the most relevant characteristics of solar absorbers, the relation between the depreciation of these optical properties and depreciation of Fs was used by Hollands et al (1992) to define a performance criterion (PC) for assessment of long-term behavior and service life of selective solar absorbers. The PC was established mainly for solar DHW systems working with solar fractions lower than 50%. In this work, systems working with solar fractions higher than 50%, in climates of south of Europe, are considered and the suitability of solar fraction as performance indicator to develop an adequate PC is studied. As a first step simulations of thermal performance of systems using an in-house software were performed for a reduction of 5% and 10% of Fs. In ISO 22975-3, solar fraction Fs degradation must be lower than 5% to guarantee 25 years of service life for DHW system. The results showed that the parameters obtained to define the PC were incoherent considering solar fractions higher than 50%. In a second step, supplied energy was considered as performance indicator and using similar methodology as Hollands et al (1992), but using as performance indicator energy supplied by the solar system, the PC for systems working with solar fractions higher than 50%, in climates of south of Europe, was establish. The results showed that this is not significantly different from the PC considered in ISO 22975-3.
- Coletores solares térmicos : evolução do comportamento térmico após diferentes períodos de exposição em ambientes com distintas corrosividadesPublication . Carvalho, Maria João; Páscoa, Soraia; Mexa, Nuno; Gonçalves, Rita; Correia, J.; Gano, António; Cunha Diamantino, TeresaRESUMO: Os coletores solares térmicos devem estar preparados para suportar condições ambientais adversas, como temperatura, humidade e irradiância ultravioleta elevada ou cargas de vento e neve, mas também outras influências, como os níveis de contaminantes como cloretos, dióxido de enxofre e óxidos de azoto, dependendo da localização geográfica. Num trabalho que se desenvolve desde 2012, têm sido estudados os efeitos destes contaminantes existentes no ambiente exterior e a sua penetração no interior dos coletores, assim como a evolução do comportamento térmico dos coletores quando expostos por períodos prolongados em ambientes com diferentes corrosividades. Neste trabalho apresentam-se os resultados para um período de três e cinco anos em dois locais com distintas corrosividades, Sines e Lisboa, observando-se que locais como Sines com um ambiente marítimo industrial tem impacto no comportamento térmico dos coletores expostos.
- Novos serviços laboratoriais de suporte na otimização de coletores solares térmicos: projeto LIFESOLAR - 1ª partePublication . Páscoa, Soraia; Cunha Diamantino, Teresa; Carvalho, Maria JoãoRESUMO: Portugal é um país com grande potancial de aproveitamento de energia solar térmica para aplicações domésticas e industriais. Estas aplicações podem ser utilizadas para produção de água quente, para aquecimento de piscimas, águas sanitárias ou para processos industriais a baixas (20-95ºC) e médias temperaturas (95ºC-250ºC) de funcionamento, podendo assim abranger diferentes tecnologias, desde coletores estacionários a coletores concentradores com seguimento. O território continental português é particularmente marcado pela extensa linha de costa que, juntamente com o elevado recurso solar, tem um forte impacto na durabilidade dos componentes dos coletores, quer sejam metálicos ou poliméricos, e no respetivo tempo de vida útil.