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- Magnetic characterization of non-geological materials: implications on human healthPublication . Diogo Sá; Cruz, Cláudia; Sant'Ovaia, HelenaABSTRACT: This study investigates the magnetic properties of commonly used non-geological materials and evaluates their potential implications for human health. The analyzed materials include tobacco and its by-products (filters and ashes), industrial paints, hair dyes and developer, garage dust, fuel soot and metal scarps. A multi-analytical approach combining optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), and magnetic techniques (magnetic susceptibility, χ, isothermal remanent magnetization, IRM, and thermomagnetic curves, K/T) was applied to identify and characterize iron-bearing phases. Iron oxides were detected in several materials, particularly tobacco, ashes, used filters, fuel soot, garage dust and metal scraps. Tobacco ash and fuel soot samples contained ultrafine iron-rich particles (~2 μm), which are small enough to be inhaled, penetrate pulmonary alveoli, and potentially enter the bloodstream. In contrast, industrial paints and hair dyes displayed predominantly diamagnetic behavior, excluding significant iron oxide presence. The results demonstrate that everyday materials and combustion-derived residues may act as sources of ultrafine ferromagnetic particles with potential health implications. These findings highlight the importance of magnetic characterization as a complementary tool in environmental and biomedical studies aimed at assessing exposure to iron-rich particulate matter.