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- The case study of the medieval town walls of Gubbio in Italy : first results on the characterization of mortars and bindersPublication . Carvalho, Fernanda; Lopes, Andreia; Curulli, Antonella; Silva, Teresa; Lima, M.M.R.A.; Padeletti, Giuseppina; Ronca, Sara; Padeletti, Giuseppina; Veiga, JPABSTRACT: Good conservation and restoration practices of cultural heritage assets rely on the knowledge of original materials. In the framework of the HERACLES Project (HERACLES—HEritage Resilience Against CLimate Events on Site, H2020 Grant Agreement 700395), dealing with the effects of climatic actions and natural hazards on built heritage, a set of important heritage sites are currently under study to improve their resilience against climate events. Among these are the medieval Gubbio Town Walls in Italy. The present work focuses on the mortars and binders of this monument and collected samples related to different parts of the Walls, corresponding to various historical periods of construction and interventions. They were characterized to determine their minerochemical composition, thermal behavior, and morphology. For that purpose, ex-situ laboratory techniques, such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence (WDXRF), optical microscopy (OM), polarized light microscopy (PLM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and simultaneous differential thermal analysis and thermogravimetry (TG-DTA) were used to discern trends in different sampling areas due to construction/reconstruction periods and building techniques.
- The case study of the medieval town walls of Gubbio in Italy : first results on the characterization of mortars and binders [Resumo]Publication . Carvalho, Fernanda; Padeletti, Giuseppina; Curulli, Antonella; Montesperelli, Giampiero; Lima, M.M.R.A.; Lopes, Andreia; Silva, Teresa; Veiga, JP
- Mortars from the Palace of Knossos in Crete, Greece: A Multi-Analytical ApproachPublication . Carvalho, Fernanda; Sousa, Pedro; Leal, Nuno; Simão, J.; Kavoulaki, Elissavet; Lima, M.M.R.A.; Silva, Teresa; Águas, Hugo; Padeletti, GiuseppinaABSTRACT: The study of building materials constituting cultural heritage is fundamental to understand their characteristics and predict their behavior. When considering materials from archaeological sites, their characterization can provide not only relevant information for a broader understanding of the site and its importance and significance but can also increase knowledge about ancient materials and their performance. The Palace of Knossos is a very important archaeological site in the European history context, and its preservation benefits from the characterization of the constituent materials. Samples of mortars from this monument were collected under the scope of the H2020 HERACLES project, where a multi-analytical approach was chosen using established protocols for the different sample typologies. Instrumental techniques such as optical microscopy (OM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and simultaneous thermogravimetry and differential thermal analysis (TG-DTA) were used for the chemical, mineralogical, and morphological characterization of these mortar samples. The results indicate that the majority are lime mortars, both aerial and hydraulic, but gypsum-based mortars were also identified. Differences in the chemical composition of the samples in distinct areas of the monument allowed us to reflect on the variety of materials used in the construction of the Palace of Knossos.