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- Impacts of large amounts of wind power on design and operation of power systems, results of IEA collaborationPublication . Holttinen, Hannele; Meibom, Peter; Orths, Antje; Lange, Bernhard; O'Malley, Mark; Tande, John O.; Estanqueiro, Ana; Gomez, Emilio; Soder, Lennart; Strabac, Goran; Smith, J. Charles; Van Hulle, FransThere are dozens of studies made and ongoing related to wind integration. However, the results are not easy to compare. IEA WIND R&D Task 25 on ‘Design and Operation of Power Systems with Large Amounts of Wind Power’ collects and shares information on wind generation impacts on power systems, with analyses and guidelines on methodologies. In the state-of-the-art report (October, 2007), and the fi nal report of the 3 years period (July, 2009) the most relevant wind power grid integration studies have been analysed especially regarding methodologies and input data. Several issues that impact on the amount of wind power that can be integrated have been identifi ed. Large balancing areas and aggregation benefi ts of wide areas help in reducing the variability and forecast errors of wind power as well as help in pooling more cost effective balancing resources. System operation and functioning electricity markets at less than day-ahead time scales help reduce forecast errors of wind power. Transmission is the key to aggregation benefi ts, electricity markets and larger balancing areas. Best practices in wind integration studies are described. There is also benefi t when adding wind power to power systems: it reduces the total operating costs and emissions as wind replaces fossil fuels and this should be highlighted more in future studies.
- Energy storage for wind integration: hydropower and other contributionsPublication . Estanqueiro, Ana; Ardal, Atle Rygg; O'Dwyer, Ciara; Flynn, Damian; Huertas-Hernando, Daniel; Lew, Debra; Gomez-Lázaro, E.; Ela, Erik; Revuelta, Javier; Kiviluoma, Juha; Rodrigues, L.; Amelin, Mikael; Holttinen, HanneleThe amount of wind power and other timevariable non-dispatchable renewable energy sources (RES) is rapidly increasing in the world. A few power systems are already facing very high penetrations from variable renewables which can surpass the systems’ consumption during no-load periods, requiring the energy excess to be curtailed, exported or stored. The limitations of electric energy storage naturally lead to the selection of the well-known form of storing potential energy in reservoirs of reversible hydropower stations, although other technologies such as heat storage are also being used successfully. This paper reviews the storage technologies that are available and may be used on a power system scale and compares their advantages and disadvantages for the integration of fast-growing renewables, such as wind power, with a special focus on the role of pumped hydro storage.
- Wind and solar curtailmentPublication . Lew, Debra; Bird, Lori; Milligan, Michael; Speer, Bethany; Wang, Xi; Carlini, Enrico Maria; Estanqueiro, Ana; Flynn, Damian; Gomez-Lázaro, E.; Holttinen, Hannele; Menemenlis, Nickie; Orths, Antje; Smith, J. Charles; Soder, Lennart; Sorensen, Poul; Altiparmakis, Argyrios; Yoh, YasudaHigh penetrations of wind and solar generation on power systems are resulting in increasing curtailment. Wind and solar integration studies predict increased curtailment as penetration levels grow. This paper examines experiences with curtailment on bulk power systems internationally. It discusses how much curtailment is occurring, how it is occurring, why it is occurring, and what is being done to reduce curtailment. This summary is produced as part of the International Energy Agency Wind Task 25 on Design and Operation of Power Systems with Large Amounts of Wind Power.
- Design and operation of power systems with large amounts of wind power, first results of IEA collaborationPublication . Holttinen, Hannele; Meibom, Peter; Orths, Antje; Hulle, Frans van; Ensslin, Cornel; Hofmann, Lutz; McCann, John; Pierik, Jan; Tande, John O.; Estanqueiro, Ana; Soder, Lennart; Strbac, Goran; Parsons, Brian; Smith, J. Charles; Lemstrom, BettinaAn international forum exchange of knowledge of power systems impacts of wind power has been formed under the IEA Implementing Agreement on Wind Energy. The task 'Design and Operation of Power Systems with Large Amounts of Wind Power Production' will analyse existing case studies from different power systems. There is a multitude of studies made and ongoing related to cost of wind integration. However, the results are not easy to compare. This paper summarises the results from 10 countries and outlines the sudies made at European Wind Energy Association and the European system operators UCTE and ETSO. A more in-depth review of the studies is needed to draw conclusions on the range of integration costs for wind power. State-of-the art review process will seek for reasons behind the wide range of results for costs of wind integration-definitions for wind penetration, reserves and costs; different power system and load characteristics and operational rules; underlying assumptions on variability of wind etc.
- C-E (curtailment - Energy share) map: An objective and quantitative measure to evaluate wind and solar curtailmentPublication . Yasuda, Yoh; Bird, Lori; Carlini, Enrico Maria; Eriksen, Peter Børre; Estanqueiro, Ana; Flynn, Damian; Fraile, Daniel; Lázaro, Emilio Gómez; Martín-Martínez, Sergio; Hayashi, Daisuke; Holttinen, Hannele; Lew, Debra; McCann, John; Menemenlis, Nickie; Miranda, Raul; Orths, Antje; Smith, J. Charles; Taibi, Emanuele; Vrana, Til KristianABSTRACT: s the share of VRE (variable renewable energy) has grown rapidly, curtailment issues have arisen worldwide. This paper evaluates and compares curtailment situations in selected countries using an objective and quantitative evaluation tool named the "C-E map " (curtailment-energy share map). The C-E map is a correlation map between curtailment ratios that mean curtailed wind (or solar) energy per available energy and energy shares of wind (or solar). The C-E map can draw a historical trend curve in a given country/area, as an at-a-glance tool to enable historical and/or international comparison. The C-E map also can classify the given countries/areas into several categories, according to the current levels of curtailment ratio and historical trends. The C-E map helps institutional and objective understanding of curtailment for non-experts including policy makers.
- Improving wind power market value with various aspects of diversificationPublication . Vrana, Til Kristian; Svendsen, Harald G.; Korpås, Magnus; Couto, António; Estanqueiro, Ana; Flynn, Damian; Holttinen, Hannele; Härtel, Philipp; Koivisto, Matti; Lantz, Eric; Frew, BethanyABSTRACT: The wind generation share in many European bidding zones is now large enough to affect the market value of wind power, and wind energy is getting less-than-average market price in day-ahead markets. As alternatives to investing in dedicated energy storage, there are two main ways to mitigate the decreasing market value trend. The first is employing different diversification measures (geographical spread, alternative wind turbine technologies, integration with solar). The second is implementing demand flexibility measures. Examples of these measures from some European and USA studies are given in this article, which stems from the international collaboration under IEA Wind TCP Tasks 25 and 53.
- Experience and challenges with short-term balancing in european systems with large share of wind powerPublication . Soder, Lennart; Abildgaard, Hans; Estanqueiro, Ana; Hamon, Camile; Holttinen, Hannele; Lannoye, E.; Gomez-Lázaro, E.; O'Malley, Mark; Zimmermann, UweThe amount of wind power in the world is quickly increasing. The background for this development is improved technology, decreased costs for the units, and increased concern regarding environmental problems of competing technologies such as fossil fuels. Some areas are starting to experience very high penetration levels of wind and there have been many instances when wind power has exceeded 50% of the electrical energy production in some balancing areas. The aims of this paper are to show the increased need for balancing, caused by wind power in the minutes to hourly time scale, and to show how this balancing has been performed in some systems when the wind share was higher than 50%. Experience has shown that this is possible, but that there are some challenges that have to be solved as the amount of wind power increases.
- Impacts of large amounts of wind power on design and operation of power systems, results of IEA collaborationPublication . Holttinen, Hannele; Meibom, Peter; Orths, Antje; O'Malley, Mark; Ummels, Bart C.; Tande, John O.; Estanqueiro, Ana; Gomez, Emilio; Smith, J. Charles; Ela, ErikThere are a multitude of studies made and ongoing related to cost of wind integration. However, the results are not easy to compare. An international forum for exchange of knowledge of power system impacts of wind power has been formed under the IEA Implementing Agreement on Wind Energy. IEA WIND R&D Task 25 on "Design and Operation of Power Systems with Large Amounts of Wind Power" has produced a state-of-the-art report in October 2007, where the most relevant wind power grid integration studies are analysed especially regarding methodologies and input data. This paper summarises the results from 18 case studies with discussion on the differences in the methodology as well as issues that have been identified to impact the cost of wind integration.
- Strategies for Continuous Balancing in Future Power Systems with High Wind and Solar SharesPublication . Nordström, Henrik; Söder, Lennart; Flynn, Damian; Matevosyan, Julia; Kiviluoma, Juha; Holttinen, Hannele; Vrana, Til Kristian; van der Welle, Adriaan; Morales-España, Germán; Pudjianto, Danny; Strbac, Goran; Dobschinski, Jan; Estanqueiro, Ana; Algarvio, Hugo; Martinez, Sergio Martin; Lázaro, Emilio Gómez; Hodge, Bri-MathiasABSTRACT: The use of wind power has grown strongly in recent years and is expected to continue to increase in the coming decades. Solar power is also expected to increase significantly. In a power system, a continuous balance is maintained between total production and demand. This balancing is currently mainly managed with conventional power plants, but with larger amounts of wind and solar power, other sources will also be needed. Interesting possibilities include continuous control of wind and solar power, battery storage, electric vehicles, hydrogen production, and other demand resources with flexibility potential. The aim of this article is to describe and compare the different challenges and future possibilities in six systems concerning how to keep a continuous balance in the future with significantly larger amounts of variable renewable power production. A realistic understanding of how these systems plan to handle continuous balancing is central to effectively develop a carbon-dioxide-free electricity system of the future. The systems included in the overview are the Nordic synchronous area, the island of Ireland, the Iberian Peninsula, Texas (ERCOT), the central European system, and Great Britain.
- Design and operation of power systems with large amounts of wind power : Final report, Phase one 2006-08, IEA WIND Task 25Publication . Holttinen, Hannele; Meibom, Peter; Orths, Antje; Van Hulle, Frans; Lange, Bernhard; O'Malley, Mark; Smith, J. Charles; Estanqueiro, Ana; Ricardo, João; Ummels, Bart C.; Gomez, Emilio; Matos, M.; Soder, Lennart; Shakoor, Anser; Strbac, Goran; Tande, John O.; Pierik, Jan; Ela, Erik; Milligan, MichaelThere are already several power systems coping with large amounts of wind power. High penetration of wind power has impacts that have to be managed through proper plant interconnection, integration, transmission planning, and system and market operations. This report is a summary of case studies addressing concerns about the impact of wind power s variability and uncertainty on power system reliability and costs. The case studies summarized in this report are not easy to compare due to different methodology and data used, as well as different assumptions on the interconnection capacity available. Integration costs of wind power need to be compared to something, like the production costs or market value of wind power, or integration cost of other production forms. There is also benefit when adding wind power to power systems: it reduces the total operating costs and emissions as wind replaces fossil fuels. Several issues that impact on the amount of wind power that can be integrated have been identified. Large balancing areas and aggregation benefits of large areas help in reducing the variability and forecast errors of wind power as well as help in pooling more cost effective balancing resources. System operation and working electricity markets at less than day-ahead time scales help reduce forecast errors of wind power. Transmission is the key to aggregation benefits,electricity markets and larger balancing areas. From the investigated studies it follows that at wind penetrations of up to 20 % of gross demand (energy), system operating cost increases arising from wind variability and uncertainty amounted to about 1 4 /MWh. This is 10 % or less of the wholesale value of the wind energy.
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