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Browsing EOL - Capítulos de livros by Author "Simões, Teresa"
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- IEA Wind : technology collaborative programme : 2017 Annual report :PortugalPublication . Couto, António; Simões, Teresa; Estanqueiro, AnaABSTRACT: The wind energy sector achieved a maturity status within the Portuguese power system. In 2017, Portuguese wind farms produced 12.3 TWh, meeting 24.0% of the nation’s electricity demand with wind energy.For the third consecutive year, wind energy covered more than 100% of the electricity demand during certain hours, without any technical problems reported by the Portuguese Transmission System Operator (TSO). The instantaneous and daily electricity demand met by wind energy achieved new records during the year as well: 110% and 82%, respectively. For the first year since wind energy capacity was deployed in Portugal, no additional wind power capacity was deployed, although repowering of some wind farms has occurred to maintain the installed capacity. The total installed wind power capacity at end of 2017 was 5,313 MW, which represents 38.6% of the total renewable operational capacity in the country [1]. A new paradigm is emerging in Portugal, with the first licensing requirements to deploy wind farm projects without feed-in tariff. Within the scope of the ERA-NET+ NEWA collaborative project, an important experimental wind campaign in complex terrain at Perdigão site started in 2017 with European and North-American partners. Forty meteorological masts, several LiDAR systems and a radio-sounding system were used to measure wind speed and direction from near surface up to 10km in height. This information is crucial to validate the new European Wind Atlas.
- PortugalPublication . Fernandes, Miguel; Simões, Teresa; Estanqueiro, AnaIn 2010 electric energy consumption grew 4.7% in Portugal reaching 52.2 TWh, the highest annual value recorded. The wind sector continued to grow although at half rate of 2009. Presently Portugal accounts for an installed capacity of 3,987 MW, which accounted for 17% of the country's electric demand.
- PortugalPublication . Couto, António; Simões, Teresa; Estanqueiro, AnaWithin a sustainable development framework, wind energy in Portugal during 2013 continued the trend of the previous years and increased its influence in the Portuguese electricity system. This influence was felt in several ways. Portugal added 192 MW of installed wind power capacity and reached 4,709 MW of wind generation. This represents 23% of renewable energy capacity in the country. With this amount of wind capacity, 11.9 TWh was supplied to the electricity system during the year (1), (2). These increases resulted in a wind power penetration rate of 24% in electricity consumption, rising 4% compared to 2012. The high value of wind penetration was influenced by the especially favorable wind conditions observed in mountain areas where the majority of the installed wind capacity is concentrated. It is important to notice that this amount of penetration is only exceeded worldwide by Denmark. The generation of electricity from renewable energy sources was 57% of the national consumption (which is a new record in Portugal). The individual renewable contribution in Portugal was different from last year. After an atypical year in hydro power production in 2012 (due to the fifth driest year of the last 80 years), the contribution of this renewable energy source grew 17% during 2013 reaching 27 % of electrical demand. Due to this increase, wind energy decreased 12% in its share within the renewable energy production (3). The high contribution from the endogenous resources enabled Portugal to reduce to 6% dependency on foreign energy in meeting consumption after reaching as high as 16% in 2012 (1). Total electricity consumption in 2013 was 50.6 TWh, which corresponds to a slight increase of 3% compared to 2012 (1), (2). Despite the economic recession that continues in the country and the energy efficiency measures that were implemented in the last years, this small increase reverses the downward trend observed in the last few years. In 2013, the Portuguese government approved a new National Renewable Energy Action Plan (NREAP). Compared to the previous NREAP 2010, the 2013 NREAP reduced the wind power capacity targets to 5,300 MW compared to the previous 6,875 MW (4).
- PortugalPublication . Marujo, R.; Simões, Teresa; Estanqueiro, AnaIn Portugal, 2012 was an atypical year in Portugal with regards to energy. Due to the efficiency measures implemented in recent years, but also due to the economic recession, electricity consumption in Portugal dropped 3.6% to 49.1 TWh. This represents a reduction of 6% of electricity demand in the last two years (1). It was also an extremely dry year, the fifth driest hydro year of the past 80 years (63% below the normal climate). Therefore, due to the reduced hydro production, the renewable contribution for the energy mix decreased 17% compared to 2011.
- PortugalPublication . Fernandes, Miguel; Marujo, R.; Simões, Teresa; Estanqueiro, AnaDuring 2011, Portugal experienced a strong reduction of electricity demand. With a decrease of 2.3%, the total consumption was 50.5 TWh (1). Due to a mild winter season, the most relevant renewable generation facilities (hydro and wind) experienced a strong production reduction in comparison with 2010. In 2011, Portuguese wind farms produced 21 GWh less than the previous year. It is only because of the decrease in consumption that wind penetration achieved a value of 18%. The growth of the wind sector has maintained the pace of 2010, and 315 MW were added. This amounts to a total installed capacity of 4,302 MW, representing 22% of the electric system’s installed capacity (1). In November 2011, a milestone for Portuguese offshore wind development was achieved with the successful deployment of its first offshore floating wind turbine – WindFloat (opening photo).
- PortugalPublication . Estanqueiro, Ana; Simões, TeresaPortugal has few indigenous energy resources, such as those that satisfy the majority of the energy needs of the economically developed countries, such as oil, gas, and coal. This situation leads to a large dependence on foreign economies for fossil primary resources. In this context, the contribution of renewable energies and the need to improve their penetration becomes of strategic relevance for the country’s development. In 2006, the total renewable sources installed capacity was 6,961 MW. The total electric energy production from renewables has shown an impressive 86% growth rate with respect to the end of 2005, its final value being reported as 16,120 GWh. This growth was strongly correlated with the variation in hydropower production, about 124%. In what concerns to wind energy, as will be shown in the next paragraphs, there was a moderate growth in the installed capacity when compared to previous years. In 2006, the 2005 policy continuance was verified, with special relevance to the ending of the first phase of the 1,500 MW public call for wind park grid connection opened in July 2005.
- PortugalPublication . Couto, António; Simões, Teresa; Estanqueiro, AnaIn 2014, the wind energy sector achieved a maturity status within the Portuguese power system. While it still experienced some additional capacity deployment (222 MW), after 15 years of intense deployment Portugal reached 4, 953 MW of installed wind power capacity by the end of 2014. Wind power represents 25% (considering only mainland Portugal) of the total operational capacity and 42% of renewable energy capacity in the country. In 2014, Portuguese wind parks produced 12.1 TWh maintaining a wind energy contribution of 24% of the annually electricity consumption. This high wind penetration was influenced by the favorable wind conditions observed in the first three months of the year over central and northern regions of mainland Portugal that also correspond to the largest concentration of installed wind capacity.
- PortugalPublication . Simões, Teresa; Madeira, Liliana; Estanqueiro, AnaPortugal has its most valuable energy asset in renewable energy resources. It is one of the countries of Europe with a high level of sun radiation, considerable vegetable and animal biomass potential, and a good wind resource. Portugal also has available hydro resources and possibilities for ocean energy (when that technology reaches maturity). Although Portugal still depends largely on foreign countries for oil, gas, and coal, especially for the transportation sector, in recent years the country has taken a clear path towards a sustainable, renewable-based, electricity generation. The energy contribution and the investments in the renewable energies are becoming more relevant every year as a strategically sector for the development of the country’s economy. By the end of 2007, Portugal had installed 7,409 MW (1) of renewable-based power plants. That capacity has generated an estimated 18, 207 GWh (2) during 2007. Renewable sources have contributed an estimated 36.4% of the total electricity demand, one of the highest percentages in Europe. The goals defined for 2010 and 2013 of 39% and 45% of the national electricity demand generated from RES, respectively are within reach. In 2007, fewer wind parks were installed than in previous years. However, the second phase of the public call for grid connection of wind power capacity, started in 2005 was concluded in August 2007. As a result, 400 MW were added to the 1,200 MW attributed in 2006. It is expected that wind energy capacity growth will increase again in the next few years.
- PortugalPublication . Simões, Teresa; Madeira, Liliana; Estanqueiro, AnaDue to its location, Portugal has several valuable renewable resources for electricity production. It has a high level of solar radiation, moderate wind resource, and considerable vegetable and animal biomass potential. Ocean and hydro resources are also present, mainly the latter—although its major development took place in 2006 with the construction of large hydraulic power stations. Wave energy systems are now under development; the PELAMIS project, the first of its kind, is installed and has been functioning since the beginning of 2008. Nevertheless, Portugal still depends greatly on foreign countries for oil, gas, and coal resources, but it is taking large steps toward sustainable renewables-based electricity generation. Government and competent authorities established several measures in recent years that created incentives to install renewable energy systems and created the conditions for economic development in the energy sector. Regarding renewable energy systems, at the end of 2008 Portugal had about 8,151 MW capacity (1), corresponding to an estimated energy production of about 23,179 GWh. This production constitutes 43.3% of national electricity demand. However, this represents a 9% decrease in production compared with 2007, largely due to the decrease hydropower production. The goals defined for 2010 and 2013—that 39% and 45%, respectively, of the national electricity demand be generated from RES—are within reach. Wind generation at the end of 2008 was about 11% of the total national electrical demand—50.6 TWh (2). Also, use of renewable sources for micro generation of electricity is growing and as a result of legislation published at the end of 2007 (Dec. Law 363-2007, 2 November). The public in general has responded in large numbers to the initiatives and the programs that followed. By the end of 2008, 5,768 license requests had already been granted and registered on the web site of CERTIEL (3), the governing agency, corresponding to 19,772 kW of capacity. Of these registered systems, 7,137 kW are ready for inspection and about to start production (4).
- PortugalPublication . Estanqueiro, Ana; Madeira, Liliana; Simões, TeresaIn 2009, the electricity consumption in Portugal was 49.9 TWh, which represents a reduction of 1.4% in demand, the first decrease since 1981. By the end of December 2009, Portugal had a renewable energy capacipy of 9,093 MW, which represents 51% of the total installed capacity. The energy generation by the renewable power plants during this year correspond to 33% of the generated electricity. The Portuguese wind sector has been growing steadily in the past decade, and in 2009 the country surpassed 3.5 GW of installed wind capacity. Moreover, the wind-generated electricity in Portugal represented 15% of the country's electricity consumption, which is one of the highest wind penetration in the world.