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- EólicaPublication . Rodrigues, Álvaro; Estanqueiro, Ana
- PortugalPublication . Estanqueiro, AnaIn the past decades, Portugal has had little development of wind power plant installations, mainly due to the low tariffs practised. However, at the end of 2001, the scenario changed with the publication of new legislation and tariffs. By 2003, that change became reflected in the implementation of new wind park projects and a strong increase in the development rate of capacity installed. In the following sections, a synthesis of the past as well as a summary of the current situation is presented with a main focus on the Portuguese current state of development and trends.
- PortugalPublication . Estanqueiro, Ana; Rodrigues, ÁlvaroDuring 2004, Portugal reversed the tendency of slow wind capacity growth observed in previous years. The publication of legislation and tariffs at the end of 2001 and subsequent government simplifi cation of administrative processes concerning the implementation of renewable energy projects resulted in nearly doubled capacity in Portugal during 2004. In the following sections, a summary of the events of the year is presented with a main focus on the current state of development and trends.
- PortugalPublication . Estanqueiro, AnaDuring 2005, Portugal reinforced the tendency shown during 2004 of high growth rate of wind capacity installation. Also visible was some simplification of critical administrative processes concerning the implementation of renewable energy projects and, for the second year in a row, Portugal almost doubled the installed wind power capacity. In the following sections, a synthesis of the actual situation is presented with a main focus on the Portuguese current state of development and trends.
- PortugalPublication . Estanqueiro, Ana; Simões, TeresaPortugal has few indigenous energy resources, such as those that satisfy the majority of the energy needs of the economically developed countries, such as oil, gas, and coal. This situation leads to a large dependence on foreign economies for fossil primary resources. In this context, the contribution of renewable energies and the need to improve their penetration becomes of strategic relevance for the country’s development. In 2006, the total renewable sources installed capacity was 6,961 MW. The total electric energy production from renewables has shown an impressive 86% growth rate with respect to the end of 2005, its final value being reported as 16,120 GWh. This growth was strongly correlated with the variation in hydropower production, about 124%. In what concerns to wind energy, as will be shown in the next paragraphs, there was a moderate growth in the installed capacity when compared to previous years. In 2006, the 2005 policy continuance was verified, with special relevance to the ending of the first phase of the 1,500 MW public call for wind park grid connection opened in July 2005.
- PortugalPublication . Simões, Teresa; Madeira, Liliana; Estanqueiro, AnaPortugal has its most valuable energy asset in renewable energy resources. It is one of the countries of Europe with a high level of sun radiation, considerable vegetable and animal biomass potential, and a good wind resource. Portugal also has available hydro resources and possibilities for ocean energy (when that technology reaches maturity). Although Portugal still depends largely on foreign countries for oil, gas, and coal, especially for the transportation sector, in recent years the country has taken a clear path towards a sustainable, renewable-based, electricity generation. The energy contribution and the investments in the renewable energies are becoming more relevant every year as a strategically sector for the development of the country’s economy. By the end of 2007, Portugal had installed 7,409 MW (1) of renewable-based power plants. That capacity has generated an estimated 18, 207 GWh (2) during 2007. Renewable sources have contributed an estimated 36.4% of the total electricity demand, one of the highest percentages in Europe. The goals defined for 2010 and 2013 of 39% and 45% of the national electricity demand generated from RES, respectively are within reach. In 2007, fewer wind parks were installed than in previous years. However, the second phase of the public call for grid connection of wind power capacity, started in 2005 was concluded in August 2007. As a result, 400 MW were added to the 1,200 MW attributed in 2006. It is expected that wind energy capacity growth will increase again in the next few years.
- Eólica offshore=Offshore wind powerPublication . Estanqueiro, Ana
- PortugalPublication . Simões, Teresa; Madeira, Liliana; Estanqueiro, AnaDue to its location, Portugal has several valuable renewable resources for electricity production. It has a high level of solar radiation, moderate wind resource, and considerable vegetable and animal biomass potential. Ocean and hydro resources are also present, mainly the latter—although its major development took place in 2006 with the construction of large hydraulic power stations. Wave energy systems are now under development; the PELAMIS project, the first of its kind, is installed and has been functioning since the beginning of 2008. Nevertheless, Portugal still depends greatly on foreign countries for oil, gas, and coal resources, but it is taking large steps toward sustainable renewables-based electricity generation. Government and competent authorities established several measures in recent years that created incentives to install renewable energy systems and created the conditions for economic development in the energy sector. Regarding renewable energy systems, at the end of 2008 Portugal had about 8,151 MW capacity (1), corresponding to an estimated energy production of about 23,179 GWh. This production constitutes 43.3% of national electricity demand. However, this represents a 9% decrease in production compared with 2007, largely due to the decrease hydropower production. The goals defined for 2010 and 2013—that 39% and 45%, respectively, of the national electricity demand be generated from RES—are within reach. Wind generation at the end of 2008 was about 11% of the total national electrical demand—50.6 TWh (2). Also, use of renewable sources for micro generation of electricity is growing and as a result of legislation published at the end of 2007 (Dec. Law 363-2007, 2 November). The public in general has responded in large numbers to the initiatives and the programs that followed. By the end of 2008, 5,768 license requests had already been granted and registered on the web site of CERTIEL (3), the governing agency, corresponding to 19,772 kW of capacity. Of these registered systems, 7,137 kW are ready for inspection and about to start production (4).
- The future energy mix paradigm: How to embed large amounts of wind generation while preserving the robustness and quality of the power systemsPublication . Estanqueiro, AnaThe 2001/77/CE Renewable Energies European Directive together with Kyoto Protocol ratification by many countries, supported by some Governments vision and strong objectives on the reduction of external oil dependence, put Europe and other developed economies in the front line to achieve a remarkable wind energy penetration within ten years time. These goals will not be achieved without technical costs and risks, but mainly,without a careful planning and assessment of the power system behaviour with large amounts of wind generation (SRA, 2008; IEAWind, 2008).These days, one of the most relevant difficulties the wind sector faces was caused by this technology own extreme success. The high capacity installed in the last decade introduced a brand new set of power system technological concerns that recently became one of the more referenced subjects among developers, network planners and system operators. These concerns are not anymore a negligible distribution grid integration issue that some years ago the experts tended not to give too much relevance since they were easily solved and even more easily avoided through good design and planning, but this is a real power system operation and planning challenge (Holttinen et al, 2009): will the power systems be capable to cope with the specificities of the wind power production in large quantities (aka “high penetration”) without requiring new wind park models, system operation tools,increased performance of the wind turbines or even a change in the Transmission System Operators (TSOs) conventional mode of operation? The recent concern of the TSOs is very legitimate, since it is their responsibility to design and manage the power system global production and its adjustment to the consumer loads as well as to assure the technical quality of the overall service, both in steady-state and under transient occurrences.
- PortugalPublication . Estanqueiro, Ana; Madeira, Liliana; Simões, TeresaIn 2009, the electricity consumption in Portugal was 49.9 TWh, which represents a reduction of 1.4% in demand, the first decrease since 1981. By the end of December 2009, Portugal had a renewable energy capacipy of 9,093 MW, which represents 51% of the total installed capacity. The energy generation by the renewable power plants during this year correspond to 33% of the generated electricity. The Portuguese wind sector has been growing steadily in the past decade, and in 2009 the country surpassed 3.5 GW of installed wind capacity. Moreover, the wind-generated electricity in Portugal represented 15% of the country's electricity consumption, which is one of the highest wind penetration in the world.