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- IEA Wind : technology collaborative programme : 2017 Annual report :PortugalPublication . Couto, António; Simões, Teresa; Estanqueiro, AnaABSTRACT: The wind energy sector achieved a maturity status within the Portuguese power system. In 2017, Portuguese wind farms produced 12.3 TWh, meeting 24.0% of the nation’s electricity demand with wind energy.For the third consecutive year, wind energy covered more than 100% of the electricity demand during certain hours, without any technical problems reported by the Portuguese Transmission System Operator (TSO). The instantaneous and daily electricity demand met by wind energy achieved new records during the year as well: 110% and 82%, respectively. For the first year since wind energy capacity was deployed in Portugal, no additional wind power capacity was deployed, although repowering of some wind farms has occurred to maintain the installed capacity. The total installed wind power capacity at end of 2017 was 5,313 MW, which represents 38.6% of the total renewable operational capacity in the country [1]. A new paradigm is emerging in Portugal, with the first licensing requirements to deploy wind farm projects without feed-in tariff. Within the scope of the ERA-NET+ NEWA collaborative project, an important experimental wind campaign in complex terrain at Perdigão site started in 2017 with European and North-American partners. Forty meteorological masts, several LiDAR systems and a radio-sounding system were used to measure wind speed and direction from near surface up to 10km in height. This information is crucial to validate the new European Wind Atlas.
- PortugalPublication . Couto, António; Simões, Teresa; Estanqueiro, AnaIn 2014, the wind energy sector achieved a maturity status within the Portuguese power system. While it still experienced some additional capacity deployment (222 MW), after 15 years of intense deployment Portugal reached 4, 953 MW of installed wind power capacity by the end of 2014. Wind power represents 25% (considering only mainland Portugal) of the total operational capacity and 42% of renewable energy capacity in the country. In 2014, Portuguese wind parks produced 12.1 TWh maintaining a wind energy contribution of 24% of the annually electricity consumption. This high wind penetration was influenced by the favorable wind conditions observed in the first three months of the year over central and northern regions of mainland Portugal that also correspond to the largest concentration of installed wind capacity.
- PortugalPublication . Couto, António; Simões, Teresa; Estanqueiro, AnaWithin a sustainable development framework, wind energy in Portugal during 2013 continued the trend of the previous years and increased its influence in the Portuguese electricity system. This influence was felt in several ways. Portugal added 192 MW of installed wind power capacity and reached 4,709 MW of wind generation. This represents 23% of renewable energy capacity in the country. With this amount of wind capacity, 11.9 TWh was supplied to the electricity system during the year (1), (2). These increases resulted in a wind power penetration rate of 24% in electricity consumption, rising 4% compared to 2012. The high value of wind penetration was influenced by the especially favorable wind conditions observed in mountain areas where the majority of the installed wind capacity is concentrated. It is important to notice that this amount of penetration is only exceeded worldwide by Denmark. The generation of electricity from renewable energy sources was 57% of the national consumption (which is a new record in Portugal). The individual renewable contribution in Portugal was different from last year. After an atypical year in hydro power production in 2012 (due to the fifth driest year of the last 80 years), the contribution of this renewable energy source grew 17% during 2013 reaching 27 % of electrical demand. Due to this increase, wind energy decreased 12% in its share within the renewable energy production (3). The high contribution from the endogenous resources enabled Portugal to reduce to 6% dependency on foreign energy in meeting consumption after reaching as high as 16% in 2012 (1). Total electricity consumption in 2013 was 50.6 TWh, which corresponds to a slight increase of 3% compared to 2012 (1), (2). Despite the economic recession that continues in the country and the energy efficiency measures that were implemented in the last years, this small increase reverses the downward trend observed in the last few years. In 2013, the Portuguese government approved a new National Renewable Energy Action Plan (NREAP). Compared to the previous NREAP 2010, the 2013 NREAP reduced the wind power capacity targets to 5,300 MW compared to the previous 6,875 MW (4).
- PortugalPublication . Marujo, R.; Simões, Teresa; Estanqueiro, AnaIn Portugal, 2012 was an atypical year in Portugal with regards to energy. Due to the efficiency measures implemented in recent years, but also due to the economic recession, electricity consumption in Portugal dropped 3.6% to 49.1 TWh. This represents a reduction of 6% of electricity demand in the last two years (1). It was also an extremely dry year, the fifth driest hydro year of the past 80 years (63% below the normal climate). Therefore, due to the reduced hydro production, the renewable contribution for the energy mix decreased 17% compared to 2011.
- EólicaPublication . Rodrigues, Álvaro; Estanqueiro, Ana
- PortugalPublication . Estanqueiro, AnaIn the past decades, Portugal has had little development of wind power plant installations, mainly due to the low tariffs practised. However, at the end of 2001, the scenario changed with the publication of new legislation and tariffs. By 2003, that change became reflected in the implementation of new wind park projects and a strong increase in the development rate of capacity installed. In the following sections, a synthesis of the past as well as a summary of the current situation is presented with a main focus on the Portuguese current state of development and trends.
- PortugalPublication . Estanqueiro, Ana; Rodrigues, ÁlvaroDuring 2004, Portugal reversed the tendency of slow wind capacity growth observed in previous years. The publication of legislation and tariffs at the end of 2001 and subsequent government simplifi cation of administrative processes concerning the implementation of renewable energy projects resulted in nearly doubled capacity in Portugal during 2004. In the following sections, a summary of the events of the year is presented with a main focus on the current state of development and trends.
- PortugalPublication . Estanqueiro, AnaDuring 2005, Portugal reinforced the tendency shown during 2004 of high growth rate of wind capacity installation. Also visible was some simplification of critical administrative processes concerning the implementation of renewable energy projects and, for the second year in a row, Portugal almost doubled the installed wind power capacity. In the following sections, a synthesis of the actual situation is presented with a main focus on the Portuguese current state of development and trends.
- PortugalPublication . Estanqueiro, Ana; Simões, TeresaPortugal has few indigenous energy resources, such as those that satisfy the majority of the energy needs of the economically developed countries, such as oil, gas, and coal. This situation leads to a large dependence on foreign economies for fossil primary resources. In this context, the contribution of renewable energies and the need to improve their penetration becomes of strategic relevance for the country’s development. In 2006, the total renewable sources installed capacity was 6,961 MW. The total electric energy production from renewables has shown an impressive 86% growth rate with respect to the end of 2005, its final value being reported as 16,120 GWh. This growth was strongly correlated with the variation in hydropower production, about 124%. In what concerns to wind energy, as will be shown in the next paragraphs, there was a moderate growth in the installed capacity when compared to previous years. In 2006, the 2005 policy continuance was verified, with special relevance to the ending of the first phase of the 1,500 MW public call for wind park grid connection opened in July 2005.
- PortugalPublication . Simões, Teresa; Madeira, Liliana; Estanqueiro, AnaPortugal has its most valuable energy asset in renewable energy resources. It is one of the countries of Europe with a high level of sun radiation, considerable vegetable and animal biomass potential, and a good wind resource. Portugal also has available hydro resources and possibilities for ocean energy (when that technology reaches maturity). Although Portugal still depends largely on foreign countries for oil, gas, and coal, especially for the transportation sector, in recent years the country has taken a clear path towards a sustainable, renewable-based, electricity generation. The energy contribution and the investments in the renewable energies are becoming more relevant every year as a strategically sector for the development of the country’s economy. By the end of 2007, Portugal had installed 7,409 MW (1) of renewable-based power plants. That capacity has generated an estimated 18, 207 GWh (2) during 2007. Renewable sources have contributed an estimated 36.4% of the total electricity demand, one of the highest percentages in Europe. The goals defined for 2010 and 2013 of 39% and 45% of the national electricity demand generated from RES, respectively are within reach. In 2007, fewer wind parks were installed than in previous years. However, the second phase of the public call for grid connection of wind power capacity, started in 2005 was concluded in August 2007. As a result, 400 MW were added to the 1,200 MW attributed in 2006. It is expected that wind energy capacity growth will increase again in the next few years.