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- Intersectoral knowledge spaces of emerging technologies and innovation opportunities for established industrial sectorsPublication . Sousa, Cristina; Fontes, Margarida; Barbosa, Juliana PachecoABSTRACT: The paper investigates how the emergence of new sustainable technologies can induce innovation and change in the industrial sectors that contribute competences and resources to their development. For this, it develops and tests a framework to address knowledge recombination processes at the intersection of diverse sectoral knowledge bases. The paper maps the intersectoral knowledge space formed as part of the emergence of a new sustainable technology, marine renewable energy, and proposes that the position of a sector in that space – in terms of variety of connections and (un)relatedness between the connected sectors – is associated with differentiated opportunities for innovation and engagement in diversification into a new business. This research contributes to the literature on the industrial transformative effects of new technologies by uncovering some of the processes through which intersectoral knowledge relationships generate opportunities for knowledge (re)combination and innovation in firms from existing sectors. The results can inform policies that aim to combine sustainability and industrial development goals.
- Assessing energy, thermal and visual performance of photochromic glazing: From spectrophotometric characterization to building simulationsPublication . Teixeira, Henriqueta; Moret Rodrigues, António; Aelenei, Daniel; Gomes, Maria da GlóriaABSTRACT: Photochromic (PC) glazing is a promising smart glazing solution for enhancing buildings energy efficiency and indoor comfort through its ability to dynamically adjust its optical properties in response to solar radiation. However, studies assessing the global (energy, thermal and visual) performance of this technology are scarce. This work evaluates the performance of a clear double glazing incorporating a PC film. Spectrophotometric tests were first conducted to determine the thermal and optical properties of the PC film, revealing a dynamic visible transmittance and a low UV and near-infrared transmittance. Subsequently, a previously calibrated dynamic simulation model of an office room was used to assess the impact of the PC film on energy consumption (climatization energy needs and energy use considering an ideal air-conditioning system) and indoor comfort (in accordance with useful daylight illuminance, daylight glare index, predicted mean vote, adaptive thermal comfort model and Portuguese legislation) during working hours (9am-6 pm of weekdays) across the climates of three European cities (Lisbon, Berlin and London). The results show that PC glazing can reduce cooling demand in all studied climates. Total energy use decreased by up to 10% in the warmest of the studied climates, while slight increases were observed in the colder climates. Visual comfort improved significantly, with up to 24% and 74% more working hours with useful illuminance and imperceptible glare levels, respectively. Thermal comfort analysis revealed a negligible change in free-float conditions during working hours, and an improvement of up to 20% when the HVAC system was operating.
- Uncertainty-Aware Planning of EV Charging Infrastructure and Renewable Integration in Distribution Networks: A ReviewPublication . Tripathy, Sasmita; Fahnbulleh, Edwin Boima; Ghatak, Sriparna Roy; Lopes, Fernando; Acharjee, ParimalABSTRACT: Transitioning from internal combustion engines to electric vehicles (EVs) is critical for fighting climate change. This requires widespread adoption of Electric Vehicle Charging Stations (EVCSs). Integrating EVCSs and renewable energy sources (RESs) into distribution networks (DNs) is vital for a sustainable transportation system while enhancing power generation in an environmentally friendly manner. This review explores challenges and opportunities of EVCS and RES integration, concentrating on EV charging-demand uncertainty modeling, forecasting algorithms, planning techniques, and the impacts on DN. It discusses forecasting algorithms in terms of learning-based and non-learning-based methods. EVCS planning algorithms are also discussed, involving deterministic and stochastic methods. The technical, environmental, reliability, and economic impacts of EVCS-RES on DNs are discussed. It explores optimization strategies to minimize these impacts, incorporating them as objective functions. Additionally, the survey examines the methods of incorporating EVs and RES in DN, optimizing EVCS allocation while addressing EVCS impacts on voltage regulation, power loss, and network reliability. The importance of energy management systems and advanced forecasting techniques in balancing power fluctuation and improving efficiency is emphasized. Finally, it identifies open problems and future directions for forecasting and optimizing EVCS-RES integration in the networks. These findings are highly relevant for designing resilient and efficient modern power systems that leverage RES and EVCS in the grids.
- Unit Sizing and Feasibility Analysis of Green Hydrogen Storage Utilizing Excess Energy for Energy IslandsPublication . Koca, Kemal; Dursun, Erkan; Bekçi, Eyüp; Uçar, Suat; AKPOLAT, Alper Nabi; Tsami, Maria; Simões, Teresa; Tesch, Luana; AKSÖZ, Ahmet; Borg, Ruben PaulABSTRACT: This study examines whether green hydrogen production using combined wind and solar energy on Marmara Island can meet the island's electricity demand and fuel the fuel needs of a hydrogen-powered ferry. A hybrid system consisting of a 10 MW wind farm, a 3 MW solar PV system, and a PEM electrolyzer sized to meet the island's hydrogen demand was modeled for the island, located in the southwestern Sea of Marmara. The hydrogen production potential, energy flows, and techno-economic performance were evaluated using HOMER-Pro 3.18.4 version. According to the simulation results, the hybrid system generates approximately 62.6 GWh of electricity annually, achieving an 82.8% renewable energy share. A significant portion of the produced energy is transferred to the electrolyzer, producing approximately 729 tons of green hydrogen annually. The economic analysis demonstrates that the system is financially viable, with a net present cost of USD 61.53 million and a levelized energy cost of USD 0.175/kWh. Additionally, the design has the potential to reduce approximately 2637 tons of CO2 emissions over a 25-year period. The results demonstrate that integrating renewable energy sources with hydrogen production can provide a cost-effective and low-carbon solution for isolated communities such as islands, strengthening energy independence and supporting sustainable transportation options. It has been demonstrated that hydrogen produced by PEM electrolyzers powered by excess energy from the hybrid system could provide a reliable fuel source for hydrogen-fueled ferries operating between Marmara Island and the mainland. Overall, the findings indicate that pairing renewable energy generation with hydrogen production offers a realistic pathway for islands seeking cleaner transportation options and greater energy independence.
- Exploring the offshore wind and wave generation complementarity in Portugal for a sustainable and resilient power systemPublication . Couto, António; Justino, Paulo Alexandre; Costa, Paula Silva; Simões, Teresa; Estanqueiro, AnaABSTRACT: Exploring variable energy sources generation complementarity can, among several benefits, help in the reduction of the negative impacts of variability from individual sources, and lower the system’s flexibility requirements. This study focuses on the complementarity between offshore wind and wave energy aiming to identify its overall value to the power system. Using Portugal as a case study, this work examines two offshore regions of the Plan for the Allocation of Offshore Renewable Energy in Portugal using standard approaches to assess the level of complementarity. The findings show a clear seasonal mismatch in the summer between wind and wave energy, which supports their complementary nature and helps smooth out seasonal fluctuations in offshore renewable generation. The results indicate that wave energy brings value to diversifying the offshore energy mix. When compared with onshore renewable generation, the combined use of offshore wind and wave power significantly enhances the stability of energy supply, reduces extreme events, which can contribute to decrease the need for additional system flexibility in future nearly 100% renewable-based power systems.
- Renewable Energy Production in the Mediterranean: Exploring the Potential for Offshore Wind DevelopmentPublication . Simões, Teresa; Tsami, Maria; Nieto, Felix; Huvaj, NejanABSTRACT: This study presents an overview of the current state of the Maritime Spatial Planning among the Mediterranean countries, explores the previous studies on evaluating the offshore wind potential of the Mediterranean region along with the criteria for suitable site selection. Based on a review of the current state of offshore renewable energy, the potential locations offshore wind will be explored for the Mediterranean coastline case study area. The research concludes with a set of critical considerations related to the need for proper synergies establishment among different stakeholders and for cultivating social acceptance and community engagement. The analysis aims to support decision-makers evaluating the potential of the Mediterranean coastal area in supporting the energy transition goal.
- Satellite-based offshore wind data close to the coast: comparison with onshore meteorological mast records and microscale CFD simulationsPublication . Álvarez, Antonio J.; Snæbjörnsson, Jónas Þór; Couto, António; Simões, Teresa; Poozesh, Poorya; Félix, NietoABSTRACT: Satellite observation of environmental phenomena is becoming increasingly accurate, complementing pre-existing measurement techniques. In this work, the offshore wind field recorded by Sentinel-1 on February 6th, 2021, close to the Southwestern Iceland coast is compared with the anemometric measurements provided by a relatively dense network of weather stations in the Reykjanes peninsula and microscale CFD simulations that use the Hvassahraun weather station data to approximate wind velocity and direction in offshore locations. The three methodologies show a good agreement in the 10-minute velocity magnitudes for the set of considered offshore locations, while the 10-minute mean wind direction shows certain scattering, although with a consistent prevalence of Eastern wind directions, in agreement with the anemometric data. The results show obvious complementarities among the three approaches, suggesting further studies to improve accuracy, especially for capturing local effects impacting wind magnitude and directionality.
- Contribution to the development of a new value chain in the marine renewable energy sectorPublication . Fontes, Margarida; Simões, Teresa; Estanqueiro, Ana; Nieto, Felix; Tsami, MariaABSTRACT: As part of the commitments made in the NECP2030 for Portugal, an increase in wind capacity is planned, including an additional 10.4 GW onshore and 2 GW offshore. In this sense, it is necessary to assess the conditions for the creation of a new industrial value chain that will accelerate this development and offer attractive conditions for the involvement of the industrial sector, providing conditions for the objectives recommended in the NECP 2030 to be met. Projects OffshorePlan - Planning for the Use of Offshore Renewable Energies in Portugal, and OceanTrans - Ocean energy technologies transformative potential analyzed the relevant socio-economic component for this sector, namely the process of creating a new industrial value chain to support the development of marine renewable energies. As part of this research, a questionnaire survey was conducted targeting companies in sectors with complementary skills and resources, directly or indirectly related to the development of projects in this area. The questionnaire yielded 114 responses from companies already active and 182 from companies willing to become involved in the future. The results allowed us to obtain a global view of the actual and potential involvement of the industrial sector, as well as to gain some insight into how companies view the requirements to operate in this area and the main barriers to their performance. This article presents the main findings obtained in the scope of this research and discusses their contribution to the advancement of the marine renewable energy sector and, as such, to the development of offshore wind energy in Portugal.
- Optimized Planning Framework for Radial Distribution Network Considering AC and DC EV Chargers, Uncertain Solar PVDG, and DSTATCOM Using HHOPublication . Bonela, Ramesh; Tripathy, Sasmita; Roy Ghatak, Sriparna; Swain, Sarat Chandra; Lopes, Fernando; Acharjee, ParimalABSTRACT: This study aims to provide an efficient framework for the coordinated integration of AC and DC chargers, intermittent solar Photovoltaic (PV) Distributed Generation (DG) units, and a Distribution Static Compensator (DSTATCOM) across residential, commercial, and industrial zones of a Radial Distribution Network (RDN) considering the benefits of various stakeholders: Electric Vehicle (EV) charging station owners, EV owners, and distribution network operators. The model uses a multi-zone planning method and healthy-bus strategy to allocate Electric Vehicle Charging Stations (EVCSs), Photovoltaic Distributed Generation (PVDG) units, and DSTATCOMs. The proposed framework optimally determines the numbers of EVCSs, PVDG units, and DSTATCOMs using Harris Hawk Optimization, considering the maximization of techno-economic benefits while satisfying all the security constraints. Further, to showcase the benefits from the perspective of EV owners, an EV waiting-time evaluation is performed. The simulation results show that integrating EVCSs (with both AC and DC chargers) with solar PVDG units and DSTATCOMs in the existing RDN improves the voltage profile, reduces power losses, and enhances cost-effectiveness compared to the system with only EVCSs. Furthermore, the zonal division ensures that charging infrastructure is distributed across the network increasing accessibility to the EV users. It is also observed that combining AC and DC chargers across the network provides overall benefits in terms of voltage profile, line loss, and waiting time as compared to a system with only AC or DC chargers. The proposed framework improves EV owners' access and reduces waiting time, while supporting distribution network operators through enhanced grid stability and efficient integration of EV loads, PV generation, and DSTATCOM.
- Dynamic Line Rating Models and Their Potential for a Cost-Effective Transition to Carbon-Neutral Power SystemsPublication . Estanqueiro, Ana; Algarvio, Hugo; Couto, António; Michiorri, Andrea; Salas, Sergio; Pudjianto, Danny; Hagglund, Per; Dobschinski, Jan; Bolgaryn, Roman; Kanefendt, Thomas; Gentle, Jake; Alam, S. M. Shafiul; Priest, Zachary M.; Abboud, Alexander W.ABSTRACT: Most transmission system operators (TSOs) currently use seasonally steady-state models considering limiting weather conditions that serve as reference to compute the transmission capacity of overhead power lines. The use of dynamic line rating (DLR) models can avoid the construction of new lines, market splitting, false congestions, and the degradation of lines in a cost-effective way. DLR can also be used in the long run in grid extension and new power capacity planning. In the short run, it should be used to help operate power systems with congested lines. The operation of the power systems is planned to have the market trading into account; thus, it computes transactions hours ahead of real-time operation, using power flow forecasts affected by large errors. In the near future, within a "smart grid" environment, in real-time operation conditions, TSOs should be able to rapidly compute the capacity rating of overhead lines using DLR models and the most reliable weather information, forecasts, and line measurements, avoiding the current steady-state approach that, in many circumstances, assumes ampacities above the thermal limits of the lines. This work presents a review of the line rating methodologies in several European countries and the United States. Furthermore, it presents the results of pilot projects and studies considering the application of DLR in overhead power lines, obtaining significant reductions in the congestion of internal networks and cross-border transmission lines.