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- Satellite-Based Offshore Wind Data Close to the Coast: Comparison With Onshore Meteorological Mast Records and Microscale CFD Simulations [Resumo]Publication . Álvarez, Antonio J.; Snæbjörnsson, Jónas Þór; Couto, António; Simões, Teresa; Poozesh, Poorya; Félix, NietoABSTRACT: Satellite observation of environmental phenomena is becoming increasingly accurate, complementing pre-existing measurement techniques. In this work, the offshore wind field recorded by Sentinel-1 on February 6th, 2021, close to the Southwestern Iceland coast is compared with the anemometric measurements provided by a relatively dense network of weather stations in the Reykjanes peninsula and microscale CFD simulations that use the Hvassahraun weather station data to approximate wind velocity and direction in offshore locations. The three methodologies show a good agreement in the 10-minute velocity magnitudes for the set of considered offshore locations, while the 10- minute mean wind direction shows certain scattering, although with a consistent prevalence of Eastern wind directions, in agreement with the anemometric data. The results show obvious complementarities among the three approaches, suggesting further studies to improve accuracy, especially for capturing local effects impacting wind magnitude and directionality.
- Contribution to the Development of a New Value Chain in the Marine Renewable Energy Sector [Resumo]Publication . Fontes, Margarida; Simões, Teresa; Estanqueiro, Ana; Nieto, Felix; Tsami, MariaABSTRACT: As part of the commitments made in the NECP2030 for Portugal, an increase in wind capacity is planned, including an additional 10.4 GW onshore and 2 GW offshore. In this sense, it is necessary to assess the conditions for the creation of a new industrial value chain that will accelerate this development and offer attractive conditions for the involvement of the industrial sector, providing conditions for the objectives recommended in the NECP 2030 to be met. Projects OffshorePlan - Planning for the Use of Offshore Renewable Energies in Portugal, and OceanTrans - Ocean energy technologies transformative potential analyzed the relevant socio-economic component for this sector, namely the process of creating a new industrial value chain to support the development of marine renewable energies. As part of this research, a questionnaire survey was conducted targeting companies in sectors with complementary skills and resources, directly or indirectly related to the development of projects in this area. The questionnaire yielded 114 responses from companies already active and 182 from companies willing to become involved in the future. The results allowed us to obtain a global view of the actual and potential involvement of the industrial sector, as well as to gain some insight into how companies view the requirements to operate in this area and the main barriers to their performance. This article presents the main findings obtained in the scope of this research and discusses their contribution to the advancement of the marine renewable energy sector and, as such, to the development of offshore wind energy in Portugal.
- Renewable Energy Production in the Mediterranean: Exploring the Potential for Offshore Wind Development [Resumo]Publication . Simões, Teresa; Tsami, Maria; Nieto, Felix; Huvaj, NejanABSTRACT: This study presents an overview of the current state of the Maritime Spatial Planning among the Mediterranean countries, explores the previous studies on evaluating the offshore wind potential of the Mediterranean region along with the criteria for suitable site selection. Based on a review of the current state of offshore renewable energy, the potential locations offshore wind will be explored for the Mediterranean coastline case study area. The research concludes with a set of critical considerations related to the need for proper synergies establishment among different stakeholders and for cultivating social acceptance and community engagement. The analysis aims to support decision-makers evaluating the potential of the Mediterranean coastal area in supporting the energy transition goal.
- Exploring the Offshore Wind and Wave Generation Complementarity in Portugal for a Sustainable and Resilient Power System [Resumo]Publication . Couto, António; Justino, Paulo Alexandre; Costa, Paula Silva; Simões, Teresa; Estanqueiro, AnaABSTRACT: Exploring variable energy sources generation complementarity can, among several benefits, help in the reduction of the negative impacts of variability from individual sources, and lower the system’s flexibility requirements. This study focuses on the complementarity between offshore wind and wave energy aiming to identify its overall value to the power system. Using Portugal as a case study, this work examines two offshore regions of the Plan for the Allocation of Offshore Renewable Energy in Portugal using standard approaches to assess the level of complementarity. The findings show a clear seasonal mismatch in the summer between wind and wave energy, which supports their complementary nature and helps smooth out seasonal fluctuations in offshore renewable generation. The results indicate that wave energy brings value to diversifying the offshore energy mix. When compared with onshore renewable generation, the combined use of offshore wind and wave power significantly enhances the stability of energy supply, reduces extreme events, which can contribute to decrease the need for additional system flexibility in future nearly 100% renewable-based power systems.
- Framework of Initial Selection of Offshore Energy Island Location for Sustainable Water Desalination [Resumo]Publication . Almasoudi, Muhnad; Sharifi, Soroosh; Glumac, Anina; Simões, Teresa; Hemida, HassanABSTRACT: In this paper, a framework for the selection of an energy island location to supply power for water desalination plants with cleaner and more sustainable energy has been developed. The developed framework aims to evaluate the feasibility of creating offshore energy islands and select its location by considering factors such as renewable energy potential, site suitability, marine traffic, future developments, and proximity to desalination facilities. The energy and water data have been collected from available published data on marine traffic, water desalination production and government reports. Solar power data were obtained from the Ministry of Natural Resources via RETScreen, wave data were sourced from Windguru, and wind power data were obtained from both sources. The data were used for the Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW) interpolation and Multi- Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) to develop the framework. The developed framework has been utilized to develop an energy Island in the Red Sea to power the water desalination plants along the KSA west shore. The findings demonstrate the significant potential of energy islands to partly mitigate Carbon Dioxide (CO₂) emissions from desalination plants, advancing global efforts toward water sustainability and supporting long-term goals for achieving net-zero emissions. The study also emphasizes the importance of further research into wave energy in the Red Sea, as the lack of real-time data and comprehensive resources limits accurate assessments.
- Offshore Wind in Portugal: Actual Situation and Future Perspectives [Resumo]Publication . Estanqueiro, Ana; Rebelo, Carlos; Baniotopoulos, Charalampos; Malekjafarian, Abdollah; Glumac, Anina; Marino, Enzo; Nieto, Félix; Hemida, Hassan; Gervásio, Helena; Tesch, Luana; Tsami, Maria; Gkantou, Michaela; Borg, Ruben Paul; Simões, Teresa; Tankova, TrayanaABSTRACT: Portugal started the deployment of wind energy onshore in the early nineties, along with the majority of the European countries and soon became one of the countries with a highest share of wind in the electric energy mix. However, unlike northern “wind countries” the offshore deployment didn’t follow the onshore success story. There are several reasons for that, the most important being the bathymetry of the Portuguese Coast, that prevents the installation of the common fixed to the bottom offshore foundations. To overcome that limitation, Portugal had a very active role in the deployment of the offshore floating technology, being the second country in the world to develop, construct and operate a successful floating wind turbine, WindFloat and, shortly after, a floating wind plant, Wind Atlantic. Those projects demonstrated the adequacy of the floating technology for the existing offshore conditions while recent projects, e.g. PO SEURE OffshorePlan, were characterizing the estimated wind potential and indicated possible planning and deployment paths. In 2022, the Portuguese government created an offshore working group (through Despacho n.º 11404/2022) with the mission to: i) identify the optimal locations, i.e. having a higher estimated potential, a lower impact on the environment and maritime activities while enabling the connection to the existing onshore grid – those areas were finally approved in February 2025; ii) address the most adequate competitive models for the sea-use concessions; and iii) characterize the capacity of Portuguese ports to support the deployment of the wind offshore sector. In 2024, the Portuguese Government announced it would initiate the auction for offshore wind plants still in 2025. The presentation addresses the planning work of the recent years and indicates the next steps for the deployment of the offshore wind sector in Portugal.
- Systemic complementarities and transformative change: A tentative methodology to examine bidirectionality effects across connected systems [Resumo]Publication . Padua, Muriela; Fontes, MargaridaABSTRACT: Achieving energy-sustainable goals involves large-scale production and social changes necessary to fulfil societal functions (Geels, 2004; Markard, 2011). These long-term goals imply a transformative change requiring multiple transitions involving multiple socio-technical systems and their interplay (Raven and Verbong, 2007; Geels, 2007; Papachristos, 2013; Rosenbloom, 2020). To fully address system change, it is necessary to consider that changes in one system affect the other (Geels, 2007; Papachristos, 2013), i.e., the presence of bidirectionality in system interactions. However, bidirectionality has only recently started being tackled and remains under-conceptualized.
- Bridging Regional Divides in Decarbonization: Firm Strategies, Policy Tensions, and Structural Trade-offs in Portugal [Resumo]Publication . Vale, Mário; Alves, Tiago; Fontes, Margarida; Mamede, Ricardo; Bento, NunoABSTRACT: The transition to a low-carbon economy is shaped by structural tensions and trade-offs that impact firms, regions, and policymakers. A central challenge is balancing regional equity, industrial specialization, and technological innovation in decarbonization policies (Markard & Rosenbloom, 2022). This study critically examines these tensions by analysing firm-level decarbonization strategies within the Portugal 2020 (PT2020) program, revealing how economic structures shape sustainability transitions and the effectiveness of policy interventions.
- The reform of Balancing Markets: Insights from Portugal and Spain [Abstract]Publication . Algarvio, Hugo; Couto, António; Lopes, Fernando; Estanqueiro, AnaABSTRACT: The legislation of the European Commission for regulating the European Internal Market of Electricity (EIME) establishes measures for the electricity market harmonization. These measures are designed to encourage the active participation of renewable generation in balancing markets (BMs). RESTrade (Multi-agent Trading of Renewable Production) tool models and enables the simulation of existing secondary and tertiary markets but also simulates improvements to current market designs. These changes, developed within the scope of H2020 TradeRES project (grant agreement no. 864276) are: i) 15-minute trades of reserves and penalty prices, ii) participation of smaller (0.1 MW) aggregated or single players, and iii) separate procurement and bidding of energy and capacity reserves. They are aligned with the EIME legislation. Furthermore, the tool can also compute the imbalance settlement (IS) based on the Portuguese or Spanish mechanisms such as a new approach for computing the dynamic procurement of secondary capacity. This work uses RESTrade to simulate the BMs of Portugal and Spain during 2019, where the weight penalties are around 18.5% and 21.3% of the wholesale market prices. The dynamic procurement increased the usage of its up and down capacities by 12% and 6% in Spain during the period 2019-2022, respectively. The simulation of a new IS mechanism during 2019 in Portugal and Spain, resulted in a reduced penalty of 12.2% and 4.4% of the wholesale prices paid, respectively.
- Typology of pathways for decarbonization [Resumo]Publication . Bento, Nuno; Alves, Tiago; Ribeiro, Ricardo; Fontes, MargaridaABSTRACT: Addressing the urgent climate change requires a clear knowledge of the options available, as well as an understanding of the possible strategies to reduce carbon emissions. Identifying realistic pathways for decarbonization is crucial to inform agents’ decisions about the relevant measures (Turnheim & Nykvist, 2018), with unawareness of these pathways often delaying climate action (Bergek et al, 2023). This paper seeks to identify, categorize, and analyze decarbonization pathways from the scientific literature, uncovering cross-cutting dimensions, interconnections, and regional trends for enhanced decision-making and accelerated change.