ISE - Capítulos de livros
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- New electricity markets: The challenges of variable renewable energyPublication . Estanqueiro, Ana; Couto, AntónioABSTRACT: The development and large-scale dissemination of the new and variable renewable technologies took place from 1990 onwards in most developed countries, in a process led by Europe. To promote the renewable sector development financial incentives, both for investment and for the payment of renewable energy, were always present. These incentives usually consisted of guaranteed feed-in tariffs that ensured a return of the investments made in this new business—thus minimizing the financial risks and building a more attractive business for private companies in the renewables sector. That approach was the main basis that essentially supported the remarkable growth of the renewable sector in Europe in the past 30 years. Nowadays, the renewable energy sector is already mature in most aspects. The cost of generating electricity from wind or solar (photovoltaic) resources is competitive with conventional gas or coal-based technologies. However, some challenges still exist in the transition of the electrical power sector to a desirable carbon-free, near 100% renewable-based sector—and one of those main challenges is the negotiation of the electricity generated by these novel technologies, due to the time and spatial variability of the primary resources as well as their poor predictability and dispatchability of the power generated. This chapter addresses those challenges as well as the approaches available to overcome them within competitive electricity markets.
- From wholesale energy markets to local flexibility markets: structure, models and operationPublication . Lopes, FernandoMost energy markets (EMs) across Europe are based on a design framework involving day-ahead, intraday, and bilateral markets, operating together with balancing markets. This framework was set out, however, when the vast majority of generation units were controllable and fuel-based. The increasing levels of renewable generation create unique challenges in the operation of EMs. In this context, flexibility markets are starting to be recognized as a promising and powerful tool to adequately valorize demand-side flexibility. This chapter describes the models underlying both centralized and bilateral markets, analyzes the operation of several European markets, introduces some energy management tools, analyzes the pressing issue of flexibility in system operation, and describes various pioneering flexibility platforms.
- Blue Economy as a Policy-Driven Innovation System: Research Funding and the Direction of Ocean-Related InnovationPublication . Sousa, Cristina; Fontes, Margarida; Conceição, OscarinaABSTRACT: The “Blue Economy” has been identified as a driver of European growth, through the development of new competences and activities that enable a sustainable exploitation of ocean resources. This paper conducted an assessment of the directions followed by the research and innovation activities performed by Portuguese organisations in the fields encompassed by the “Blue Economy”, at the light of national and EU strategies. The paper draws on an analysis of the projects developed by Portuguese actors in the context of European framework programmes to investigate: the areas that are being privileged and the role and positioning of different types of actors in the developments taking place. The results point to the emergence of new activities such as marine biotechnology and marine renewable industries, as well as the development of innovations in established industries exploiting marine living resources (fisheries and aquaculture). They likewise reveal that the research and technological activities towards the revitalisation of other established sea-related industries is still very limited. The results also highlight the prominent position of research organisations in both new and established areas. But they equally uncover the relevant position occupied by new technology intensive firms, particularly in areas that require the development of more application oriented methods, products, services, where they are often involved in tripartite relationships, intermediating between research and industrial application. Finally the results suggest that the international cooperation favoured by these projects permit to open-up the national system, contributing to broaden the organisations’ knowledge bases and to extend their international networks.
- Acciones para el desarrollo de las energias renovablesPublication . Pinto, Filomena; Rodrigues, Carlos; Viana, Susana; Marques, Isabel PaulaO parque experimental de energias renováveis da Herdade da Mitra, em Évora integra um sistema de microgeração de abastecimento eléctrico em Portugal, através da integração de diferentes unidades utilizadoras de fontes renováveis: fotovoltaica, eólica, gasificação e digestão anaeróbica. Neste capítulo serão abordadas estas diversas tenologias referindo os princípais conceitos teóricos que suportam cada uma delas, antes de descrever cada uma das instalações projectadas no âmbito do projecto PETER. Na instalação de gasificação a biomassa florestal existenet na Zona do Parque é utilizada para a produção de um gàs. O gasificador de leito fluidizado tem uma capacidade térmica de 350 kW e um consumo de cerca de 80 kg/h de biomassa. Após as operações de limpeza do gás obtido para melhorar as respecivas características, este é convertido em enrgia através de um grupo gerador, que é constituído por um motor de combustão interna "dual-fuel" acoplado a um gerador eléctrico de 70kWe. A instalação de digestão anaeróbica do parque destna-se à conversão da matéria orgânica da biomassa húmida em biogás, tendo como fonte os efluentes agro-pecuários e industriais que são produzidos na herdade e/ou na região Alentejana. A unidade de digestão anaeróbia é um protótipo de demonstração que corresponde a um digestor híbrido de fluxo ascendente com 15 m3 de capacidade. As unidades de digestão anaeróbica e de gasificação partilham os sitemas de colecta e de tratamento do gás produzido e da sua conversão em energia eléctrica e térmica. A energia eléctrica é, por seu turno injectada no circuito de microgerção e a energia térmica é valorizada através da manutenção da temperatura de digestão da unidade anaeróbica. Assim, a gestão integrada de diversas tecnologias, vocacionadas para a remoção da carga poluente contida nos efluentes agro-pecuários e para a reutilzação dos fluxos obtidos, apresenta-se como um sistema de valorização energética e agrícola de recursos endógenos da região onde são produzidos. O sistema fotovoltaico tem uma potência de pico de 10 kW, permitindo a demonstração de diferentes tecnologias de conversão. O sistema fotovoltaico encontra-se ligado à rede eléctrica da herdade da Mitra.