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- Potential benefits and constraints of development of critical raw materials' production in the EU: analysis of selected case studiesPublication . Guzik, Katarzyna; Galos, Krzysztof; Kot-Niewiadomska, Alicja; Eerola, Toni; Eilu, Pasi; Carvalho, Jorge; Fernández-Naranjo, Francisco Javier; Arvidsson, Ronald; Arvanitidis, Nikolaos; Raaness, AgnesABSTRACT: Major benefits and constraints related to mineral extraction within the EU have been identified on the examples of selected critical raw materials’ deposits. Analyzed case studies include the following ore deposits: Myszków Mo-W-Cu (Poland), Juomasuo Au-Co (Finland), S. Pedro das Águias W-Sn (Portugal), Penouta Nb-Ta-Sn (Spain), Norra Kärr REEs (Sweden) and Trælen graphite (Norway). They represent different stages of development, from the early/grassroot exploration stage, through advanced exploration and active mining, up to reopening of abandoned mines, and refer to different problems and constraints related to the possibility of exploitation commencement. The multi-criteria analysis of the cases has included geological and economic factors as well as environmental, land use, social acceptance and infrastructure factors. These factors, in terms of cost and benefit analysis, have been considered at three levels: local, country and EU levels. The analyzed cases indicated the major obstacles that occur in different stages of deposit development and need to be overcome in order to enable a new deposit exploitation commencement. These are environmental (Juomasuo and Myszków), spatial (Juomasuo) as well as social constraints (Norra Kärr, Juomasuo). In the analyzed cases, the most important constraints related to future deposit extraction occur primarily at a local level, while some important benefits are identified mainly at the country and the EU levels. These major benefits are related to securing long-term supplies for the national industries and strategically important EU industry sectors.
- A look at European practices for identifying mineral resources that deserve to be safeguarded in land-use planningPublication . Carvalho, Jorge; Galos, Krzysztof; Kot-Niewiadomska, Alicja; Gugerell, Katharina; Raaness, Agnes; Lisboa, JoseABSTRACT: Safeguarding the access to mineral resources in land-use planning plays a crucial role in securing their supply to society. Despite the existing literature about minerals and land-use policy integration, a major question remains: to which mineral resources must the access be guaranteed? Based on the findings of two recent European-funded projects (Minatura2020 and Minland), this paper compares multi-criteria assessment methodologies that are in use or are intended to be used in Austria, Norway, Poland, Portugal, and Sweden for the identification of mineral resources that deserve to be safeguarded in land- use planning. Results show that these methodologies are applicable to all types of mineral deposits and make use of an extensive set of parameters for their assessment, which are grouped into the following criteria: geological, economic, environmental, social, and land-use conflict issues. One of the methodologies takes into consideration potential areas with serious promises for the occurrence of valuable minerals, the remaining only dealing with well-documented resources. When applied, the methodologies prove to be effective in safeguarding the access to important mineral deposits, even if not to all of them, or at least to draw attention to their existence. Despite the different levels of implementation and effectiveness, a main common achievement was a transition from point-based spatial datasets of mineral resources to polygon-based datasets. This considerably increased the awareness of the land-use planning authorities about the importance of mineral resources and facilitated the integration of mineral data into land-use planning maps.