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- Footprint analysis of circular economy practices in the steel industry [Resumo]Publication . Sameer, Husam; Knoblauch, Lukas; Dürr, Hans H.; Flörke, Martina; Ambaye, Teklit G.; Lima, Ana Teresa; Mao, Ruichang; Lu, Zheng; Kunther, Wolfgang; Slabik, Simon; Hafner, Annette; Aloini, Davide; Zerbino, Pierluigi; Mabroum, Safaa; Ram, V.; Barbosa, Juliana; Simoes, Sofia; Genovese, AndreaABSTRACT: Steel is one of the dominant materials in the building industry, however, substantial environmental impacts occur in its supply chain. We evaluate the environmental performance of different steel production scenarios at the macro level, taking into account circular economy practices. Using the dynamic life cycle assessment methodology, different scenarios are assessed for the time horizon 2015 to 2070. The environmental footprints are quantified in terms of primary energy, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, material, land and water footprints. Forecasts regarding the availability of end-of-life steel and future demand in European and global contexts are considered.
- Mapping circular economy practices for steel, cement, glass, brick, insulation, and wood: a review for climate mitigation modelingPublication . Lima, Ana Teresa; Kirkelund, Gunvor Marie; Lu, Zheng; Mao, Ruichang; Kunther, Wolfgang; Rode, Carsten; Slabik, Simon; Hafner, Annette; Sameer, Husam; Dürr, Hans H.; Flörke, Martina; Lowe, Benjamin H.; Aloini, Davide; Zerbino, Pierluigi; Simoes, SofiaABSTRACT: Circular economy (CE) practices pave the way for the construction sector to become less material- and carbon-intensive. However, for CE quantification by climate mitigation models, one must first identify the CE practices along a product (or material) value chain. In this review, CE practices are mapped for the value chain of 6 construction materials to understand how these practices influence and can be considered in climate mitigation modelling. The main sub-categories of steel, cement, glass, clay-brick, insulation materials, and wood were used to identify which Rs are currently addressed at the lab and industrial scales: refuse, reduce, rethink, repair, reuse, remanufacture, refurbish, repurpose, recycle, and recover. The CE practices were reviewed using scientific repositories and grey literature, validated by European-wide stakeholders, and mapped across the life-cycle stages of the six materials – extraction, manufacturing, use, and end-of-life (EoL). The mapping was limited to the manufacturing and EoL stages because materials could be identified at these stages (the extraction phase pertains to resources, and the use phase to a product, for example, buildings). All reviewed CE practices identified at the industrial scale were quantified at the European level. For example, EoL reinforcement steel is 1–11 % reused and 70–95 % recycled; manufacturing CEM I is up to 60 % reduced; remanufacturing flat glass is 26 % remanufactured while less than 5 % EoL flat glass is recycled. A major barrier to closed-loop recycling is the need for sorting and separation technologies. Open-loop recycling synergies are found at the industrial scale between, for example, flat glass and glass wool value chains. Climate mitigation models are proposed to be augmented to include these practices requiring an explicit link between building use and the other construction materials' value chain stages.
- Main CE practices in the Construction industry for the six carbon-intensive materials [Resumo]Publication . Lima, Ana Teresa; Kirkelund, Gunvor Marie; Lu, Zheng; Mao, Ruichang; Kunther, Wolfgang; Rode, Carsten; Ambaye, Teklit G.; Slabik, Simon; Hafner, Annette; Sameer, Husam; Dürr, Hans H.; Flörke, Martina; Lowe, Benjamin H.; Aloini, Davide; Zerbino, Pierluigi; Simoes, Sofia
- National energy and material flows along the building supply chain in the EUPublication . Barbosa, Juliana Pacheco; Simoes, Sofia; Jordao, Cristine; Mao, Ruichang; Aloini, Davide; Zerbino, Pierluigi; Mabroum, Safaa; Montalbano, Giammarco; Sameer, Husam; Dürr, Hans H.; Jerónimo, B.; Maçãs Lima, Ana TeresaABSTRACT: Construction activity is responsible for substantial greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, but most of these reflect only a single stage of the building construction supply chain. Closing the gap, this work presents a cross-supply-chain perspective on annual material and energy consumption and GHG emissions for the sector on the European scale. These are estimated at the country level, disaggregated for raw material extraction, material manufacturing, demolition, and several intermediary transport stages. The study underscores cement, steel, flat glass, and ceramic bricks as manufactured materials; and sand, limestone, clay, iron ore, and coal as raw materials. Estimates consider both new construction and renovation, across varied typologies of residential and non-residential buildings. The results show that new construction & renovation of the building stock emits 235.31 Mt of CO2 annually, excluding energy consumption for building operations. These are associated with the consumption of circa 1 994.29 Mt raw and construction materials, and circa 1 990.27 PJ of final energy per year. These figures correspond to 4.33% of the total EU values (45 923 PJ). New building construction and renovation account for 63% of the materials used, while the material manufacturing stage accounts for 74% of the final energy consumption. By adopting a full supply chain perspective at the European level, we can support the development of holistic and more targeted public policies to decarbonize the sector.