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- Map of Cobalt, graphite, lithium deposits (including deposits where cobalt is a significant by product : DELIVERABLE D5.4Publication . Gautneb, Håvard; Gloaguen, Eric; Törmänen, Tuomo; Pereira, Aurete; Sadeghi, MartiyaABSTRACT: The deliverable D5.4 “Map of Cobalt, graphite, lithium deposits (including deposits where cobalt is a significant by product”, is a technical report for a product where the actual deliverable is a web map and associated data. A description of the data collection, interpretation, description of the geology, metallogeny and resource potential is reported and described in the deliverable D5.3.
- Mineral prospectivity mapping for critical raw materials at the European scale with the CBA method [Resumo]Publication . Bertrand, Guillaume; Sadeghi, Martiya; De Oliveira, Daniel Pipa Soares; Tourlière, B.; Arvanitidis, Nikolaos; Gautneb, Håvard; Gloaguen, Eric; Törmänen, Tuomo; Reginiussen, Helge; Decree, Sophie; Pereira, Aurete; Quental, LídiaABSTRACT: This contribution presents pan-European prospectivity maps for lithium, cobalt, natural graphite, niobium, tantalum, phosphates and rare earth elements that were produced by the GeoERA FRAME project. These maps are based on the cell-based association (CBA) method, which was specifically developed for mineral prospectivity mapping at regional to continental scales. The purpose of this method is to address issues such as uncertainties in the location of cartographic objects and the need to consider geological contexts. Several options to calculate favourability scores were statistically tested and compared to improve the accuracy of the method and produce the final maps.
- Outlining the cobalt and phosphor exploration potential areas and mineralisation in Europe: a collaboration between FRAME and MINDeSEA projectsPublication . Sadeghi, Martiya; Bertrand, Guillaume; González, Francisco Javier; de Oliveira, Daniel Pipa Soares; Pereira, Aurete; Quental, Lídia; Decree, Sophie; Törmänen, Tuomo; Gautneb, Håvard; Marino, Egidio; Somoza, Luis; Medialdea, Teresa; Blasco, Iker; Lobato, Ana BelénABSTRACT: One of the primary goals in FRAME project’s WP3 (Critical and Strategic Raw Materials Map of Europe), in collaboration with other work packages of FRAME and other GeoERA projects, is to produce and present the mineralisation and potential areas for CRM in Europe. Identifying new resources of supply critical mineral potential on land and in the European seabed for CRM needed for energy transition, is crucial for the European Union. In this regard, identifying and mapping of the major metallogenic areas for different type of mineralisation is essential. The global demand for CRM and strategic minerals containing cobalt, phosphorous, rare earth elements, tellurium, manganese, nickel, lithium and copper, concurrent with the rapidly diminishing quality and quantity of land-based mined deposits, has placed the seafloor as a promising new frontier for the exploration of mineral resources. To develop metallogenic research and models at regional and deposit scales, with special attention to strategic critical minerals, for which the EU’s downstream industry is highly dependent in the mid- and long-term perspectives, one must go from the known to the unknown, or at least, less known. Collating this information into favourable terrains is absolutely necessary to be able to understand mineralisation at the various scales. The latter was one of FRAME’s objectives as we will see developed below for phosphate and cobalt mineralisation.
- GeoERA Raw Materials Monograph : the past and the futurePublication . Wittenberg, Antje; de Oliveira, Daniel Pipa Soares; Flindt Jørgensen, Lisbeth; González, Javier; Heldal, Tom; Aasly, Kari Aslaksen; Deady, Eimear; Kumelj, Špela; Horvath, Zoltan; McGrath, Eoin; Ferreira, Maria João; Calabaça, Teresa; Arvanitidis, Nikolaos; Sadeghi, Martiya; Bertrand, Guillaume; Gloaguen, Eric; Decree, Sophie; Gautneb, Håvard; Törmänen, Tuomo; Reginiussen, Helge; Sievers, Henrike; Quental, Lídia; Pereira, Aurete; Medialdea, Teresa; Schiellerup, Henrik; Zananiri, Irene; Ferreira, Pedro Tavares; Somoza, Luis; Monteys, Xavier; Alcorn, Trevor; Marino, Egidio; Lobato, Ana Belén; Kuhn, Thomas; Nyberg, Johan; Malyuk, Boris; Magalhães, Vítor Hugo; Lunar, Rosario; Hein, J. R.; Cherkashov, Georgy; Brown, Teresa; Cassard, Daniel; Urvois, Marc; Pedersen, Mikael; Schjøth, Frands; Tulstrup, Jørgen; Eilu, Pasi; Hokka, Janne; Simoni, Mark; Carvalho, Jorge; Laskaridis, Kostas; Dedić, Željko; Habimana, Cyprien; Liinamaa-Dehls, AnneABSTRACT: GeoERA Minerals projects have produced data aimed at supporting Europe’s minerals sector and to assist the European Commission to realise its goals for raw materials. Data has been compiled on mineral occurrences and mineral provinces across Europe, in particular, areas with potential to host Critical Raw Materials. Anecdotal evidence from the minerals sector provides an indication of the likelihood of exploration leading to mine development. For every 1,000 mineral showings examined, only 100 may receive further exploration work and of those 100, only 10 may warrant more detailed sampling either through trenching, drilling or other means and of those 10 only 1 may proceed to an evaluation through a full feasibility study which itself has only 50% chance of being positive. Following this, any project for which a mine proposal is made must undergo a full evaluation and permitting by authorities including full public consultation. The proposal may or may not pass this scrutiny. In terms of a schedule, the generally accepted minimum time frame from discovery to production is 10 years and usually much more, up to 20 years.
- Europe’s Raw Materials Supply Chain: Front-End ConsiderationsPublication . Wittenberg, Antje; de Oliveira, Daniel Pipa Soares; Bide, Tom; Hollis, Julie; Nirgi, Siim; Žibret, Gorazd; Gautneb, Håvard; Sadeghi, Martiya; Domínguez, Rafael Navarro; Malyuk, BorisABSTRACT: Supply chains are linked for specific purpose and by something. Hence, the respective links of the chain must be hooked in the right place, sufficiently strong, and have to start somewhere. This chapter looks at the raw materials supply chain as the first link in a commodity supply, from the European Union (EU) perspective. Aspects of the raw material potential of critical or strategic mineral resources in Europe, its further exploration, and the concept of modifying factors are considered, and reporting systems of resources and reserves are described, underpinned by examples of mineral potentials in different regions of the EU. Thus, targeted exploration of raw materials, especially within the framework of national geological research, serves to support a sustainable and resilience supply chain. EU projects, such as GeoERA and Geological Service for EU, assist in shaping the tailor-made exploration programs fit for providing mineral data publicly available through EuroGeoSurveys’ European Geological Data Infrastructure. In the future, raw materials may be seen as global public goods required to address many challenges, from the climate crisis to geopolitical instability; therefore, the society could conceptualize them in a new way, from a dominant investment returns-oriented viewpoint to one linked to delivering global objectives.
- Providing CRM data and intelligence to EURMKB (RM1) and the GeoERA information platform : Deliverable D3.4Publication . Sadeghi, Martiya; Pereira, Aurete; Quental, Lídia; Bertrand, Guillaume; de Oliveira, Daniel Pipa SoaresABSTRACT: The overall aim of FRAME project into the European Union Raw Materials Knowledge Base (EURMKB) is to provide data on CRM by extending the spatial coverage and higher accurate data from past and ongoing European projects on raw materials. The prime aim of work package (WP)3 in the FRAME project is to produce a map of strategic and critical raw materials (SCRM) for Europe. In cooperation with other FRAME WPs, there was a consensus on the methodology used for the identification and selection process of the SCRM to be included in that map (Arvanitidis, et al., 2019; Sadeghi et al., 2020a; Sadeghi et al, 2020b) linked mainly to information collected from existing databases, such as the ones of ProMine, Minerals4EU (M4EU), EURARE and European Geological Data Infrastructure (EGDI). WP3 also has a special focus to present the metallogenetic maps and updating databases on rare earth elements, graphite, cobalt, lithium, phosphor, niobium and tantalum in collaboration with the other work project packages (WP4, WP5 and WP6) and the Mineral Resource Expert Group (MREG) of EuroGeoSurveys. The digital version on metallogenetic areas have been prepared and delivered to EGDI (Sadeghi et al, 2020b). The occurrences dataset is harvested through national databases on structured data to be accessed in EDGI. A semi and non-structured datasets were also prepared and deliver to EGDI (EGDI, 2021a, 2021b). An overview on how this was done is given in Chapter 3 of this report – Data preparation and Delivery to EGDI.
- GEMAS: Boron as a geochemical proxy for weathering of European agricultural soilPublication . Négrel, Philippe; Ladenberger, Anna; Demetriades, Alecos; Reimann, Clemens; Birke, Manfred; Sadeghi, Martiya; The EuroGeoSurveys GEMAS Project TeamABSTRACT: bout a century ago, B was recognised as an essential element for the normal growth of plants and terrestrial organisms. Limitations for plant development have been recognised in agricultural systems, particularly in highly weathered soil. Boron is rarely analysed in whole rock or soil analysis, as it requires specific analytical techniques. It is often determined, after partial extraction (aqua regia or Ca-Cl), usually on a limited number of samples. Many more questions than answers exist about the environmental behaviour of B. We present B contents in agricultural soil samples (0-10 cm) collected in 33 European countries (5.6 million km2) during the GEMAS (GEochemical Mapping of Agricultural and grazing land Soil) continental-scale project. The B content, determined by ICP-MS following hot aqua regia extraction, varies in European agricultural soil from 0.5 to 49 mg/kg (median 2.42 mg/kg, n = 2108), which is somewhat similar to total B estimates for the Upper Continental Crust (17-47 mg/kg). Its spatial distribution in agricultural soil shows a patchy pattern with low values in regions with granitic bedrock and high contents in soil formed over limestone and in volcanic areas. Boron geochemical behaviour in soil is strongly dependent on other factors such as pH, CEC, presence of organic matter, clay and secondary oxides and hydroxides. Boron geochemical mapping at the continental scale in arable soil allows investigations of plant health, i.e., the beneficial and adverse effects due to the nutritional status of boron.
- Prospectivity maps of critical raw materials in Europe : DELIVERABLE D3.5Publication . Bertrand, Guillaume; Sadeghi, Martiya; Arvanitidis, Nikolaos; de Oliveira, Daniel Pipa Soares; Gautneb, Håvard; Gloaguen, Eric; Törmänen, Tuomo; Reginiussen, Helge; Decree, Sophie; Pereira, Aurete; Quental, LídiaABSTRACT: The present report describes the mineral prospectivity maps that were produced by the work package (WP) 3 of the FRAME project. These prospectivity maps assess the favourability in Europe, at continental scale, for lithium, cobalt, natural graphite, phosphate, niobium, tantalum and rare earth elements. They are based on datasets produced by the FRAME project (WP4 for phosphate, WP5 for lithium, cobalt and graphite, and WP6 for niobium and tantalum) and by the former EURARE project for rare earth elements.
- Relevant metallogenetic maps : DELIVERABLE D5.5Publication . Gautneb, Håvard; Gloaguen, Eric; Törmänen, Tuomo; Pereira, Aurete; Sadeghi, MartiyaABSTRACT: The deliverable D.5.5 “Relevant metallogenetic maps”, is a technical report for a product where the actual deliverable is a web map and accompanying data. A description of the data collection, interpretation description of the geology, metallogeny and resource potential is done in the deliverable D5.3 and references therein.