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- Energy storage for wind integration: hydropower and other contributionsPublication . Estanqueiro, Ana; Ardal, Atle Rygg; O'Dwyer, Ciara; Flynn, Damian; Huertas-Hernando, Daniel; Lew, Debra; Gomez-Lázaro, E.; Ela, Erik; Revuelta, Javier; Kiviluoma, Juha; Rodrigues, L.; Amelin, Mikael; Holttinen, HanneleThe amount of wind power and other timevariable non-dispatchable renewable energy sources (RES) is rapidly increasing in the world. A few power systems are already facing very high penetrations from variable renewables which can surpass the systems’ consumption during no-load periods, requiring the energy excess to be curtailed, exported or stored. The limitations of electric energy storage naturally lead to the selection of the well-known form of storing potential energy in reservoirs of reversible hydropower stations, although other technologies such as heat storage are also being used successfully. This paper reviews the storage technologies that are available and may be used on a power system scale and compares their advantages and disadvantages for the integration of fast-growing renewables, such as wind power, with a special focus on the role of pumped hydro storage.
- Decarbonization of electricity systems in Europe: market design challengesPublication . Strbac, Goran; Papadaskalopoulos, Dimitrios; Chrysanthopoulos, Nikolaos; Estanqueiro, Ana; Algarvio, Hugo; Lopes, Fernando; Vries, Laurens de; Morales-España, Germán; Sijm, Jos; Hernandez-Serna, Ricardo; Kiviluoma, Juha; Helistö, NiinaABSTRACT: Driven by climate change concerns, Europe has taken significant initiatives toward the decarbonization of its energy system. The European Commission (EC) has set targets for 2030 to achieve at least 40% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions with respect to the 1990 baseline level and cover at least 32% of the total energy consumption in the European Union (EU) through renewable energy sources, predominantly wind and solar generation. However, these technologies are inherently characterized by high variability, limited predictability and controllability, and lack of inertia, significantly increasing the balancing requirements of the system with respect to historical levels. The flexibility burden is currently carried by flexible fossil-fueled conventional generators (mainly gas), which are required to produce significantly less energy (as low operating cost and CO2-free renewable and nuclear generation are prioritized in the merit order) and operate part loaded with frequent startup and shut-down cycles, with devastating effects on their cost efficiency.
- Review of wind generation within adequacy calculations and capacity markets for different power systemsPublication . Soder, Lennart; Tómasson, Egill; Estanqueiro, Ana; Flynn, Damian; Hodge, Bri-Mathias; Kiviluoma, Juha; Korpås, Magnus; Neau, Emmanuel; Couto, António; Pudjianto, Danny; Strbac, Goran; Burke, Daniel; Gomez, Tomas; Das, Kaushik; Cutululis, Nicolaos Antonio; Van Hertem, Dirk; Hoschle, Hanspeter; Matevosyan, Julia; von Roon, Serafin; Carlini, Enrico Maria; Caprabianca, Mauro; Vrie, Laurens deABSTRACT: The integration of renewable energy sources, including wind power, in the adequacy assessment of electricity generation capacity becomes increasingly important as renewable energy generation increases in volume and replaces conventional power plants. The contribution of wind power to cover the electricity demand is less certain than conventional power sources; therefore, the capacity value of wind power is smaller than that of conventional plants. This article presents an overview of the adequacy challenge, how wind power is handled in the regulation of capacity adequacy, and how wind power is treated in a selection of jurisdictions. The jurisdictions included in the overview are Sweden, Great Britain, France, Ireland, United States (PJM and ERCOT), Finland, Portugal, Spain, Norway, Denmark, Belgium, Germany, Italy and the Netherlands.
- Open-access tool for linking electricity market models: 2nd EditionPublication . Algarvio, Hugo; Helistö, Niina; Kiviluoma, Juha; Jimenez, Ingrid Sanchez; Santos, Gabriel; Schimeczek, Christoph; Wang, Ni
- Strategies for Continuous Balancing in Future Power Systems with High Wind and Solar SharesPublication . Nordström, Henrik; Söder, Lennart; Flynn, Damian; Matevosyan, Julia; Kiviluoma, Juha; Holttinen, Hannele; Vrana, Til Kristian; van der Welle, Adriaan; Morales-España, Germán; Pudjianto, Danny; Strbac, Goran; Dobschinski, Jan; Estanqueiro, Ana; Algarvio, Hugo; Martinez, Sergio Martin; Lázaro, Emilio Gómez; Hodge, Bri-MathiasABSTRACT: The use of wind power has grown strongly in recent years and is expected to continue to increase in the coming decades. Solar power is also expected to increase significantly. In a power system, a continuous balance is maintained between total production and demand. This balancing is currently mainly managed with conventional power plants, but with larger amounts of wind and solar power, other sources will also be needed. Interesting possibilities include continuous control of wind and solar power, battery storage, electric vehicles, hydrogen production, and other demand resources with flexibility potential. The aim of this article is to describe and compare the different challenges and future possibilities in six systems concerning how to keep a continuous balance in the future with significantly larger amounts of variable renewable power production. A realistic understanding of how these systems plan to handle continuous balancing is central to effectively develop a carbon-dioxide-free electricity system of the future. The systems included in the overview are the Nordic synchronous area, the island of Ireland, the Iberian Peninsula, Texas (ERCOT), the central European system, and Great Britain.
- Variability of load and net load in case of large scale distributed wind powerPublication . Holttinen, Hannele; Kiviluoma, Juha; Estanqueiro, Ana; Gómez-Lázaro, E.; Raw, Barry; Dobschinski, Jan; Meibon, Peter; Lannoye, Eamonn; Aigner, Tobias; Wan, Yih H.; Milligan, MichaelLarge scale wind power production and its variability is one of the major inputs to wind integration studies. This paper analyses measured data from large scale wind power production. Comparisons of variability are made across several variables: time scale (10-60 minute ramp rates),number of wind farms, and simulated vs. modeled data. Ramp rates for Wind power production, Load (total system load) and Net load (load minus wind power production) demonstrate how wind power increases the net load variability. Wind power will also change the timing of daily ramps.
- Flexibility chart: Evaluation on diversity of flexibility in various areasPublication . Yasuda, Yoh; Ardal, Atle Rygg; Carlini, Enrico Maria; Estanqueiro, Ana; Flynn, Damian; Gomez-Lázaro, E.; Holttinen, Hannele; Kiviluoma, Juha; Van Hulle, Frans; Kondoh, Junji; Lange, Bernhard; Menemenlis, Nickie; Milligan, Michael; Orths, Antje; Smith, J. Charles; Soder, LennartThis paper evaluates various aspects of flexibility in power systems worldwide within the multi-country study framework of IEA Wind Task 25, including grid components and actions which have been favoured for enhancing flexibility in different areas/countries/regions, and how TSOs/ISOs/ utilities intend to manage variable generation in their operating strategies. One methodology to evaluate the diversity of flexibility sources is a "flexibility chart”, which can illustrate several flexibility parameters (e.g. hydro, CCGT, CHP, interconnection) in a polygonal radar (spider) chart.
- Variability in large-scale wind power generationPublication . Kiviluoma, Juha; Holttinen, Hannele; Weir, David; Scharff, Richard; Söder, Lennart; Menemenlis, Nickie; Cutululis, Nicolaos Antonio; Lopez, Irene Danti; Lannoye, E.; Estanqueiro, Ana; Gomez-Lázaro, E.; Zhang, Qin; Bai, Jianhua; Yih-Huei, Wan; Milligan, MichaelThe paper demonstrates the characteristics of wind power variability and net load variability in multiple power systems based on real data from multiple years. Demonstrated characteristics include probability distribution for different ramp durations, seasonal and diurnal variability and low net load events. The comparison shows regions with low variability (Sweden, Spain and Germany), medium variability (Portugal, Ireland, Finland and Denmark) and regions with higher variability (Quebec, Bonneville Power Administration and Electric Reliability Council of Texas in North America; Gansu, Jilin and Liaoning in China; and Norway and offshore wind power in Denmark). For regions with low variability, the maximum 1?h wind ramps are below 10% of nominal capacity, and for regions with high variability, they may be close to 30%. Wind power variability is mainly explained by the extent of geographical spread, but also higher capacity factor causes higher variability. It was also shown how wind power ramps are autocorrelated and dependent on the operating output level. When wind power was concentrated in smaller area, there were outliers with high changes in wind output, which were not present in large areas with well-dispersed wind power.
- Spatial flexibility options in electricity market simulation tools: Deliverable D4.3Publication . Couto, António; Silva, Cátia; Algarvio, Hugo; Faria, Pedro; Pinto, Tiago; Schimeczek, Christoph; José, Débora Regina S.; Morales-España, Germán; Helistö, Niina; Sijm, Jos; Kiviluoma, Juha; Hernandez-Serna, Ricardo; Chrysanthopoulos, Nikolaos; Strbac, Goran; Estanqueiro, AnaABSTRACT: Deliverable D4.3 addresses the spatial flexibility options that are being considered by TradeRES models. D4.3 presents a report describing the spatial flexibility-related modelling components that are already implemented and those that are being designed for integration in TradeRES agent-based models. This report includes the main definitions, concepts and terminology related to spatial flexibility, as means to support the presentation of the specific models that are being developed by the project, namely about flow based market coupling, market spliting, nodal pricing, dynamic line rating, cross border intraday market, cross border reserve market, cross border capacity market, consumer flexibility aggregation, renewable energy aggregation, storage aggregation, electric vehicle aggregation and grid capacity.
- Design of ancillary service markets and products: Challenges and recommendations for EU renewable power systems: Deliverable D3.3Publication . van der Welle, Adriaan; Morales-España, Germán; Sijm, Jos; Serna, Ricardo Hernandez; Kochems, Johannes; Couto, António; Algarvio, Hugo; Kiviluoma, Juha; Vries, Laurens de; Estanqueiro, AnaABSTRACT: The overall objective of the current study is to analyse the implications of the transition towards a renewable, climate-neutral power system in the EU for the demand and supply of ancillary services (AS) of this system in general and for the market design and related EU regulation of these services in particular. The study focuses predominantly on electricity balancing services (‘frequency control’). However, other ancillary services – not ably reactive power services (‘voltage control’) and system restoration services (‘black start’) – are, to some extent, considered as well. More specifically, the study analyses in particular (i) the current situation (‘base case’) of ancillary (electricity balancing) services in the EU, (ii) the future situation (‘towards a 100% renewable EU power system’) of these services, and (iii) the major challenges and recommendations for the main ancillary services markets in the EU in order to improve the performance of these markets in the coming years, i.e. up to 2030 and beyond.