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- Characterization and recovery of critical raw materials using innovative techniques – case study of the XTRACT project: São Domingos Mine, Portugal [Resumo]Publication . Morais, Igor; Solá, A. Rita; Albardeiro, Luís; Silva, Teresa; Hedrich, Sabrina; Vargas, Sergio Alejandro Camargo; Sáez Blázquez, Cristina; Almeida, Bruno; Kuusiniemi, Pasi; Arancibia, MarioABSTRACT: The Iberian Pyrite Belt (IPB) is one of the world’s most significant provinces of Volcanogenic Massive Sulfide (VMS) deposits, hosting both world class orebodies and medium sized systems such as the São Domingos Mine. This deposit consists of a steeply dipping, E–W elongated mass of cupriferous pyrite with associated zinc and lead sulfides, emplaced within a tectonically complex volcanic sequence overlain by thick turbidites and the allochthonous Phyllite Quartzite Group. Historical exploitation from the mid 19th to the 20th century, involving incineration, smelting, heap leaching and cementation, generated extensive waste dumps, slags and leaching piles. These materials remain enriched in potentially toxic elements (Zn, Pb, Sb, Cu, As, Hg, Cd), and ongoing sulfide oxidation and Fe hydrolysis promote acid mine drainage, enhancing metal mobility and creating persistent environmental contamination hotspots. Modern assessment of these legacy wastes requires advanced analytical and monitoring technologies. High resolution geochemical mapping, supported by drone based remote sensing, enables precise delineation of critical raw material enrichment zones and accurate estimation of waste volumes and tonnage. Emerging geophysical tools, including the Airborne Geophysical Electromagnetic System and integrated ground and air borne remote sensing platforms for tailings content assessment, provide detailed subsurface information on conductivity, internal heterogeneity and structural controls. Muon tomography offers unique density imaging capabilities for detecting cavities, collapse zones and remnant sulfide bodies in inaccessible areas. For sustainable metal recovery, bioleaching technologies represent an eco-efficient approach capable of mobilizing Cu, Zn, Co and other strategic elements from low grade materials. The integration of these state-of-the-art methodologies positions São Domingos as an exemplary natural laboratory for developing innovative strategies in mine waste valorization and environmental risk mitigation, directly supporting the overarching objective of the XTRACT project: establishing a sustainable ecosystem for innovative resource recovery and complex ore extraction within a low impact, circular economy mining paradigm.
- Geochemical and mineralogical characterization of manganese deposits in the Iberian Pyrite Belt - preliminary study [Resumo]Publication . Morais, Igor; Albardeiro, Luís; Silva, Teresa; de Oliveira, Daniel Pipa SoaresABSTRACT: The Iberian Pyrite Belt (IPB), traditionally recognized for its extensive volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits, also hosts a diverse set of manganese (Mn) occurrences whose genesis remains comparatively less explored. These deposits, distributed across distinct stratigraphic and structural contexts, represent an important record of the paleoenvironmental evolution and metallogenetic processes that shaped the region. In this preliminary study, several typologies of Mn deposits were sampled and analyzed, including stratiform levels interbedded within volcano sedimentary sequences, hydrothermal alteration zones peripheral to VMS systems, and horizons enriched through supergene processes associated with intense sulfide weathering. This diversity of geological settings allowed the assessment of internal variability within the deposits and the identification of the main geological controls governing Mn concentration. Mineralogical characterization revealed the presence of multiple primary and secondary phases, including oxides, hydroxides, carbonates, silicates and amorphous Mn–Fe–rich materials, as well as alteration products formed under oxidizing conditions. This mineralogical complexity indicates that Mn deposits in the IPB do not result from a single process, but rather from the interaction between hydrothermal, sedimentary and supergene mechanisms. From a geochemical perspective, the samples exhibit high Mn contents accompanied by significant concentrations of Fe, Ba and Si, in addition to trace elements that act as sensitive indicators of paleoenvironmental conditions. The observed geochemical relationships point to depositional environments influenced by low temperature hydrothermal circulation, accumulation in restricted basins under reducing conditions, and subsequent enrichment through oxidation and supergene leaching. These patterns are consistent with hybrid metallogenetic models characteristic of Mn enriched VMS systems. Overall, the results highlight the substantial typological variability and the mineralogical and geochemical complexity of Mn deposits in the IPB, reinforcing both their scientific relevance and their economic potential in the context of the energy transition. Future work should integrate isotopic analyses and high-resolution textural investigations to further elucidate the evolution of these deposits and their potential for resource development.
- Atlas of European ornamental stone resourcesPublication . Heldal, Tom; Carvalho, Jorge; Dedić, Željko; Laskarides, KostasABSTRACT: Ornamental stone is today a raw material produced with great skills all over Europe, SME's and larger enterprises exploiting the vast diversity of European ornamental stone resources. Today's European stone industry is not only large and important but also highly dispersed throughout Europe, making a backbone industry for particularly rural areas. In Italy alone, there are more than 1000 stone quarrying enterprises and the sector in total employed more than 50 000 in 2011. Ornamental stone has contributed significantly in shaping our rural and urban landscapes, through its use in our built heritage from different historical periods. Yet, the actual use of local and regional stone resources in Europe is under threat due to sterilization of resources by urbanisation, infrastructure development and other land uses. Consequently, important resources are “unknowingly” lost for future production, and so are vital geological knowledge and skills for producing them. Loss of such resources will not only make it more difficult to maintain and restore our architectural heritage, but also prevent the use of traditional materials in the future.
- Use of mining wastes for high-tech thermoelectric applications : The case of START project in Iberian Pyrite Belt [Resumo]Publication . Morais, Igor; de Oliveira, Daniel Pipa Soares; Silva, Teresa; Albardeiro, Luís; Salgueiro, Rute; Neves, FilipeABSTRACT: Europe aims to become the first climate neutral continent by 2050, which means rapidly implementing a green transition to which the European Union (EU) is strongly committed through the European Green Deal. This green transition leverages unprecedented pressure on the intensive use of mineral resources. In this context the START project “Sustainable Energy Harvesting Systems Based on Innovative Mine Waste Recycling” emerged with the objective to use mining waste as a source of raw materials for the development of advanced energy conversion devices. Thermoelectric materials (TE) are functional materials that can directly convert thermal energy into electricity.
- AfricaMaVal : Mineral Potential Mapping Study of European Critical Raw Materials (ECRM) of Africa [Resumo]Publication . Fullgraf, Thomas; Marques Prazeres, Cátia; Gonçalves, Pedro; Callec, Yannick; Fortes, Carla; Represas, Patricia; Vella, Alex; Guillaneau, Jean-Claude; de Oliveira, Daniel Pipa SoaresABSTRACT: The AfricaMaVal project, a 3.5-year initiative coordinated by the French Geological Survey (BRGM), fosters sustainable EU–Africa partnerships in the critical raw materials (CRM) sector. With 18 partners from 11 countries, it promotes responsible mineral sourcing for European industries while supporting Africa’s sustainable development. Work Package 1 (WP1), “Supply Potential,” led by the Portuguese Geological Survey (LNEG), assesses and maps African supply potential for European Critical Raw Materials (ECRM) through a harmonized, INSPIRE-compliant database. BRGM has developed machine learning (ML) algorithms for mineral resource assessment over the past 20 years, applied at scale since 2022. Within WP1, prospectivity maps for selected ECRMs were generated in ten countries, drawing on BRGM datasets, including 1:10M geological and structural maps and over 55,000 mineral occurrences.
- Ciencia ciudadana en el análisis de peligros geológicos en el Área Atlántica [Resumo]Publication . Montoya-Montes, Isabel; Galindo, Inés; Sanchez, Nieves; Jaud, Marion; Le Dantec, Nicolas; Pinto, Cláudia; Ferreira, M. A.; Parker, Kieran; Lemon, Kirstin; Rodrigues, Domingos; Quental, Lídia; Ramalho, Elsa; Gonçalves, Pedro; Cruz-Pérez, N.; Ortega, A.; Holohan, Eoghan; Correia, Vítor; Jeremias, Filipe Telmo; Gomes, Rui CarrilhoRESUMEN: La participación ciudadana constituye la piedra angular común de los cinco Observatorios piloto de peligros geológicos (movimientos en masa, terremotos, inundaciones fluviales y costeras, riesgos geotécnicos y erosión costera) implementados en cuatro países del Área Atlántica en el marco del proyecto AGEO INTERREG, con varias iniciativas de divulgación llevadas a cabo para mejorar la concienciación de los ciudadanos sobre los peligros geológicos. En este contexto, el logro notable de AGEO reside en el desarrollo de herramientas estandarizadas capaces de satisfacer las numerosas necesidades de estos pilotos, de modo que tanto los ciudadanos como los colaboradores expertos tengan acceso a canales de comunicación que les permitan informar sobre la ocurrencia de eventos de peligros geológicos. Además, la utilización de productos y servicios de emergencia del programa europeo Copernicus asume un papel importante en el establecimiento y funcionamiento de los Observatorios. Debido a su adaptabilidad en todo el variado espectro de pilotos de AGEO, estas herramientas prometen una integración perfecta en posibles futuros observatorios ciudadanos de riesgos geológicos y por tanto una contribución a la mejora de los sistemas de gestión de riesgos.
- Main CE practices in the Construction industry for the six carbon-intensive materials [Resumo]Publication . Lima, Ana Teresa; Kirkelund, Gunvor Marie; Lu, Zheng; Mao, Ruichang; Kunther, Wolfgang; Rode, Carsten; Ambaye, Teklit G.; Slabik, Simon; Hafner, Annette; Sameer, Husam; Dürr, Hans H.; Flörke, Martina; Lowe, Benjamin H.; Aloini, Davide; Zerbino, Pierluigi; Simoes, Sofia
- Cooperation between European and African geological surveys as a pathway to raw material security for EU countries: The experience of the PanAfGeo Project [Resumo]Publication . Wołkowicz, Stanisław; Satkunas, Jonas; Batista, Maria Joao; Tychsen, John; Guillaneau, Jean-Claude; Charles, NicolasABSTRACT: The PanAfGeo cooperation project between European and African geological surveys covers a wide range of raw material issues, from mineral resources assessment, artisanal and small scale mining to geohazards and environmental management of mines. In the projected third phase of the project, PanAfGeo Plus, the relevance of raw material topics is expected to be even greater. The main task of the Project is to organise training courses for young employees of African geological surveys, in which not only textbook geological knowledge is transferred, but a great deal of emphasis is placed on the protection of mineral deposits, the application of best available practices in both mineral exploration and exploitation and licensing principles.
- The Arrifes geosite: a fascinating glimpse into an Early Cretaceous ecosystem within the Algarvensis aspiring UNESCO Global Geopark (Portugal) [Resumo]Publication . Pereira, H. J. R.; Lopes, Francisco; Pérez-Cano, J.; Santos, Vanda Faria dos; Malafaia, Elisabete; Mendes, Márcia; Pereira, Zélia; Sweetman, Steven C.; Fernandes, Paulo; Callapez, Pedro M.ABSTRACT: Over a century after Paul Choffat's initial description of the Arrifes section, a pioneering figure in Portuguese geology who highlighted the vertical arrangement of the strata and the occurrence of a limestone bed containing a copious quantity of orbitolinid tests, this upper Barremian–lower Aptian stratigraphic succession, which is fully exposed along a coastal cliff section located 2.5 km west-southwest of Albufeira (Algarve, southern Portugal), has become one of the most outstanding geosites within the Algarvensis aspiring UNESCO Global Geopark.
- Posibles aplicaciones industriales de las arenas del Kalahari de Angola [Resumo]Publication . Lisboa, Jose; Oliveira, Álvaro; Rodrigues, José Feliciano; Fernández, J.; Manuel, JoséRESUMEN: Las arenas de color amarillo ocre con poca o ninguna matriz procedentes de la Formación Arenas Ocres (Mio-Plioceno) y las arenas lavadas de colores claros del Cuaternario (Oliveira y Sousa, 2021), presentes en la cuenca del Kalahari, se extienden sobre una vasta área en el SO de Angola, presentando una gran homogeneidad en todos los niveles a lo largo de esa cuenca. Sin embargo, muestran características morfológicas similares a las de las arenas del desierto y, como tales, no son adecuadas para usos más comunes en la obra civil, como el agregado de cemento. Son arenas de tamaño de grano generalmente < 1 mm, con predominio de fracción fina (125-250 μm), subangulares a subredondeadas, de tendencia bimodal, bien calibradas, con un contenido de matriz generalmente ≤ 7%. Están formados por granos de cuarzo, escasos minerales máficos u otros, dando como resultado una composición química con SiO2 > 98.5% y un reducido contenido en elementos penalizadores. Considerando la granulometría y el análisis químico, estas arenas tienen posibles usos en sectores de la industria cerámica y del vidrio, dependiendo, para aplicaciones menos exigentes, de métodos de beneficio sencillos, en particular para reducir el contenido de alúmina y especialmente de óxidos de hierro concentrados en los recubrimientos que a menudo afectan parcialmente a los granos. Estos pueden reducirse mediante lavados y tratamientos simples de fricción.