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- LNEG-H2PTMap: Geospatial Hydrogen Cost CalculatorPublication . Portillo, Juan C. C.; Simoes, Sofia; Shabanifar, Soraya; Jordão, Luisa; Ricou, Maria; Costa, CatarinaABSTRACT: The National Laboratory for Energy and Geology (LNEG) presents the first version of the LNEG-H2PTMap Tool, available through the LNEG GeoPortal. This free geospatial calculator enables the rapid estimation of the Levelised Cost of Hydrogen (LCOH) across the 278 municipalities of mainland Portugal. The tool integrates the costs of green hydrogen production with the main components of its value chain applicable to the transport and industrial sectors, including storage and distribution to the end user, enabling flexible analyses based on up-to-date reference parameters and local conditions. The LNEG-H2PTMap Tool was developed under the “H₂ Cost Geospatial Simulator” initiative within the framework of the PRR Agenda M-ECO2. This report describes the methodological approach adopted for the development of the tool, including its cost calculation framework, data sources, assumptions, and implementation. Unlike other hydrogen cost assessment tools, such as the European Hydrogen Observatory's LCOH Calculator, which primarily provide estimates based on country-level datasets, the LNEG-H2PTMap Tool enables the estimation of levelised hydrogen costs at the municipal level throughout mainland Portugal. To the best of the authors' knowledge, no publicly available tool currently provides municipality-level levelised hydrogen cost estimates covering all municipalities of mainland Portugal. This finer geographical resolution enables the incorporation of spatial variations in key cost determinants, including renewable electricity availability and costs, water sourcing and treatment requirements, and hydrogen transportation distances. Consequently, the tool can reveal cost differences between municipalities that may be obscured when using national or regional averages, thereby supporting more informed investment, planning, and policy decisions. By capturing these spatial variations at the municipal scale, the tool addresses a concrete need identified by industry stakeholders, investors, researchers, and policymakers for a practical, transparent, and evidence-based decision-support instrument. The LNEG-H2PTMap Tool facilitates the identification of cost-competitive locations for green hydrogen production, storage, and distribution, thereby supporting strategic planning and contributing to the accelerated, efficient, and targeted deployment of the green hydrogen economy in Portugal.
- LNEG-H2PTMap: Calculadora Geoespacial do Custo de HidrogénioPublication . Portillo, Juan C. C.; Simoes, Sofia; Shabanifar, Soraya; Jordão, Luisa; Ricou, Maria; Costa, CatarinaRESUMO: O Laboratório Nacional de Energia e Geologia (LNEG) apresenta a primeira versão da ferramenta LNEG-H2PTMap, disponibilizada através do GeoPortal do LNEG. Esta calculadora geoespacial gratuita permite a estimativa rápida do Custo Nivelado do Hidrogénio (Levelised Cost of Hydrogen – LCOH) nos 278 municípios de Portugal Continental. A ferramenta integra os custos de produção de hidrogénio verde com as principais componentes da sua cadeia de valor aplicáveis aos setores dos transportes e da indústria, incluindo o armazenamento e a distribuição até ao utilizador final, permitindo a realização de análises flexíveis com base em parâmetros de referência atualizados e em condições locais. A ferramenta LNEG-H2PTMap foi desenvolvida no âmbito da iniciativa «Simulador Geoespacial de Custos de H₂», integrada na Agenda PRR M-ECO2. O presente relatório descreve a abordagem metodológica adotada para o desenvolvimento da ferramenta, incluindo o enquadramento metodológico do cálculo de custos, as fontes de dados, os pressupostos considerados e a sua implementação. Ao contrário de outras ferramentas para a avaliação de custos do hidrogénio, como a Calculadora LCOH do Observatório Europeu do Hidrogénio, que disponibilizam estimativas baseadas principalmente em dados à escala nacional, a ferramenta LNEG-H2PTMap permite a estimativa dos custos nivelados do hidrogénio à escala municipal em todo o território de Portugal Continental. Tanto quanto é do conhecimento dos autores, não existe atualmente nenhuma ferramenta de acesso público que disponibilize estimativas do custo nivelado do hidrogénio à escala municipal para a totalidade dos municípios de Portugal Continental. Esta resolução geográfica mais detalhada permite incorporar variações espaciais em fatores determinantes dos custos, incluindo a disponibilidade e o custo da eletricidade renovável, os requisitos de captação e tratamento de água e as distâncias de transporte de hidrogénio. Consequentemente, a ferramenta permite identificar diferenças de custo entre municípios que podem ficar ocultas quando se utilizam médias nacionais ou regionais, apoiando decisões mais informadas de investimento, planeamento e definição de políticas públicas. Ao captar estas variações espaciais à escala municipal, a ferramenta responde a uma necessidade concreta identificada por agentes da indústria, investidores, investigadores e decisores políticos de disporem de um instrumento de apoio à decisão prático, transparente e baseado em evidência. A ferramenta LNEG-H2PTMap facilita a identificação de localizações economicamente mais competitivas para a produção, armazenamento e distribuição de hidrogénio verde, apoiando o planeamento estratégico e contribuindo para uma implementação mais rápida, eficiente e direcionada da economia do hidrogénio em Portugal.
- Natural Hydrogen Prospectivity in Portugal: A first approachPublication . Portillo, Juan C. C.; Ferreira, Pedro Tavares; Sampaio, José; Batista, Maria Joao; Represas, Patricia; Ramalho, Elsa; Machado, Susana; Carvalho, JoãoABSTRACT: This works presents the first maps of the prospectivity of natural hydrogen in continental Portugal and the methodological approach undertaken. The methodology used in this study follows the Chance of Sufficiency (COS) approach, which is also sometimes referred as the Chance of Success in exploration geoscience. It is a probabilistic estimate of whether a geological prospect contains a resource (e.g., hydrocarbons, hydrogen, etc.) in sufficient quantity and quality to be considered a "success" or explorable. It is typically expressed as a percentage and reflects the likelihood that all critical geological factors align to yield a viable accumulation. COS is grounded in Bayesian probability and statistical modelling. It is often calculated by multiplying the probabilities of independent geological favourable factors, such as sources (presence of a generating system), reservoirs (porosity and permeability), seals (cap rock to trap fluids), trap (structural or stratigraphic configuration), timing and migration (alignment of generation and trap formation). In this study only the first three were considered (i.e. sources, reservoirs, and seals). Consequently, this work should be seem as a first approach for the prospectivity of hydrogen mapping in Portugal.
- Systematic review on social acceptance of mining in the context of the energy transitionPublication . Santos, Elaine; Simoes, SofiaABSTRACT: This technical report presents a systematic review of the scientific literature on the social acceptance of mining in the context of the energy transition. The analysis covered 118 publications from 1998 to 2025 in English, Portuguese, and Spanish, integrating quantitative and qualitative methods. The results show the growth of the field (7.47% per year) and reveal the following central factors for social acceptance: community participation, transparency, procedural justice, institutional trust, and conflict management. Regional differences were identified: in Europe, the emphasis falls on governance and transparency, whereas in Latin America socio-environmental justice, conflicts, and expectations prevail. Despite the centrality of critical minerals for the energy transition, few studies explicitly articulate both themes. The report proposes recommendations for policymakers, companies, and communities, aiming at more participatory practices. This is the first LNEG study on this topic, contributing to public policies and institutional strategies in the mining sector.
- Revisão sistemática sobre a aceitação social da mineração no contexto da transição energéticaPublication . Santos, Elaine; Simoes, SofiaRESUMO: Este relatório técnico apresenta uma revisão sistemática da literatura científica sobre a aceitação social da mineração no contexto da transição energética. A análise abrangeu 118 publicações entre 1998 e 2025, em inglês, português e espanhol, integrando métodos quantitativos e qualitativos. Os resultados evidenciam o crescimento no campo (7,47% ao ano) e revelam os seguintes fatores centrais para a aceitação social, como participação comunitária, transparência, justiça procedimental, confiança institucional e gestão de conflitos. Identificam-se diferenças regionais: na Europa, a ênfase recai sobre governação e transparência, enquanto na América Latina prevalecem justiça socioambiental e conflitos e expetativas. Apesar da centralidade dos minerais críticos para a transição energética, poucos estudos articulam explicitamente os dois temas. O relatório propõe recomendações para decisores, empresas e comunidades, visando práticas mais participativas. Trata-se do primeiro estudo do LNEG sobre esta temática, contribuindo para políticas públicas e estratégias institucionais no setor mineiro.
- Portugal Offshore Wind, Green Hydrogen, and Sustainable Fuels: Power-to-X PathwaysPublication . Simoes, Sofia; Portillo, Juan C. C.; Simões, Teresa; Estanqueiro, Ana; Catarino, Justina; Costa, Paula; Oliveira, Paula; Ribeiro Pinto, Paulo Jorge; Lopes, Fernando; Lopes, Tiago; Gano, António; Duarte de Castro Fontes, Maria Margarida; Gírio, FranciscoABSTRACT: Portugal has a vast coastal area and significant offshore wind resources. The country has set ambitious targets and designated specific areas for offshore wind development. Current national policies are actively encouraging investment in these projects. This report compiles the latest strategies for offshore wind and green hydrogen in Portugal. It introduces the Power-to-X (P2X) concept, explores potential offshore wind-based P2X business models, and outlines the key processes and technologies involved. It also maps potential consumers of green hydrogen, along with the associated supply chains for hydrogen and sustainable fuels. A techno-economic analysis was conducted to identify viable pathways for Portugal. This involved selecting one of the planned offshore wind zones and, based on its location and potential capacity, determining the optimal onshore site and scale for a hydrogen and sustainable fuels hub. The report presents a comparative evaluation of seven scenarios, offering valuable insights for both public and private sector stakeholders.
- Course: Benefits, Installation, Maintenance, and Deconstruction of Green Roofs - Module 2: Installation of green roofsPublication . Duarte, Ana Paula; Loureiro, David; Gonçalves, Ana MariaABSTRACT: The NaturBuild Project is a initiative designed to address the evolving needs of the construction sector by integrating Nature-Based Solutions (NBS) into both urban and building environments. In line with the European Commission’s definition, NBS are “solutions inspired and supported by nature, which are cost-effective, provide environmental, social, and economic benefits, and help build resilience.” By incorporating natural processes and ecosystems into the built environment, NBS offer a sustainable approach to urban development, focusing on green infrastructure, such as green roofs, that can enhance energy efficiency, reduce CO2 emissions, and improve urban resilience.
- LNEG-LCOH - Levelised Cost of Hydrogen Calculator: Description and Methodological ReportPublication . Portillo, Juan C. C.; Simoes, SofiaABSTRACT: This document describes the methodology used for the implementation of the LNEG-LCOH tool version 01.2024, the description of the modules, including examples of use and reference values. The purpose of the LNEG-LCOH - Levelised Cost of Hydrogen Calculator (LNEG-LCOH Tool) is to provide a free service for the quick estimation of costs over different components of the hydrogen’s value chain. The tool is envisioned to provide flexibility according to the needs of the users and to provide referential values based on current trends. It is expected the tool will evolve over time to consider more components and to satisfy needs that may arise from users.
- LNEG-LCOH - Calculadora do Custo Nivelado do Hidrogénio: Descrição e Relatório MetodológicoPublication . Portillo, Juan C. C.; Simoes, SofiaRESUMO: Este documento descreve a metodologia utilizada para a implementação da ferramenta LNEG-LCOH versão 01.2024, a descrição dos módulos, incluindo exemplos de uso e valores de referência. O objetivo da LNEG-LCOH - Calculadora do Custo Nivelado do Hidrogénio (ferramenta LNEG-LCOH) é fornecer um serviço gratuito para a estimativa rápida dos custos em diferentes componentes da cadeia de valor do hidrogénio. A ferramenta está pensada para proporcionar flexibilidade de acordo com as necessidades dos utilizadores e fornecer valores referenciais com base nas tendências atuais. Espera-se que a ferramenta evolua ao longo do tempo para considerar mais componentes e satisfazer as necessidades que possam surgir dos utilizadores.
- Project 3.3 -Task 1 Report - Literature review: Hydrogen transport options for vehicle supplyPublication . Costa, Paula; Portillo, Juan C. C.; Simoes, SofiaABSTRACT: Among the different applications in which hydrogen technology has become the protagonist, the transport sector should be particularly mentioned. It is expected that, by 2030, 1 in 12 cars sold in Germany, Japan, California, and South Korea will be powered by hydrogen, and that more than 350,000 hydrogen trucks will be able to transport large quantities of goods, while thousands of trains and ships can carry passengers without emitting carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. The decarbonisation of road transport can be achieved by implementing fuel cells in electric vehicles. Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles (FCEV) are a necessary complement to Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs). FCEVs are more convenient for long distances with better performance for heavy vehicles that can benefit from the higher autonomy provided by hydrogen for long-distance transport, but it has lower energy efficiency than BEVs (Genovese & Fragiacomo, 2023). However, the possibility of rapid refuelling is an important advantage (Sinigaglia et al., 2017). However, the success of the implementation of this new technology is facing several obstacles. Among them, the lack of suitable and connected infrastructure and the high initial investment cost. So, hydrogen refuelling stations (HRSs) must be fully implemented as they are one of the most important parts of the hydrogen economy in the transport sector.