ER - Relatórios técnicos
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- Portugal Offshore Wind, Green Hydrogen, and Sustainable Fuels: Power-to-X PathwaysPublication . Simoes, Sofia; Portillo, Juan C. C.; Simões, Teresa; Estanqueiro, Ana; Catarino, Justina; Costa, Paula; Oliveira, Paula; Ribeiro Pinto, Paulo Jorge; Lopes, Fernando; Lopes, Tiago; Gano, António; Duarte de Castro Fontes, Maria MargaridaABSTRACT: Portugal has a vast coastal area and significant offshore wind resources. The country has set ambitious targets and designated specific areas for offshore wind development. Current national policies are actively encouraging investment in these projects. This report compiles the latest strategies for offshore wind and green hydrogen in Portugal. It introduces the Power-to-X (P2X) concept, explores potential offshore wind-based P2X business models, and outlines the key processes and technologies involved. It also maps potential consumers of green hydrogen, along with the associated supply chains for hydrogen and sustainable fuels. A techno-economic analysis was conducted to identify viable pathways for Portugal. This involved selecting one of the planned offshore wind zones and, based on its location and potential capacity, determining the optimal onshore site and scale for a hydrogen and sustainable fuels hub. The report presents a comparative evaluation of seven scenarios, offering valuable insights for both public and private sector stakeholders.
- Course: Benefits, Installation, Maintenance, and Deconstruction of Green Roofs - Module 2: Installation of green roofsPublication . Duarte, Ana Paula; Loureiro, David; Gonçalves, Ana MariaABSTRACT: The NaturBuild Project is a initiative designed to address the evolving needs of the construction sector by integrating Nature-Based Solutions (NBS) into both urban and building environments. In line with the European Commission’s definition, NBS are “solutions inspired and supported by nature, which are cost-effective, provide environmental, social, and economic benefits, and help build resilience.” By incorporating natural processes and ecosystems into the built environment, NBS offer a sustainable approach to urban development, focusing on green infrastructure, such as green roofs, that can enhance energy efficiency, reduce CO2 emissions, and improve urban resilience.
- LNEG-LCOH - Levelised Cost of Hydrogen Calculator: Description and Methodological ReportPublication . Portillo, Juan C. C.; Simoes, SofiaABSTRACT: This document describes the methodology used for the implementation of the LNEG-LCOH tool version 01.2024, the description of the modules, including examples of use and reference values. The purpose of the LNEG-LCOH - Levelised Cost of Hydrogen Calculator (LNEG-LCOH Tool) is to provide a free service for the quick estimation of costs over different components of the hydrogen’s value chain. The tool is envisioned to provide flexibility according to the needs of the users and to provide referential values based on current trends. It is expected the tool will evolve over time to consider more components and to satisfy needs that may arise from users.
- LNEG-LCOH - Calculadora do Custo Nivelado do Hidrogénio: Descrição e Relatório MetodológicoPublication . Portillo, Juan C. C.; Simoes, SofiaRESUMO: Este documento descreve a metodologia utilizada para a implementação da ferramenta LNEG-LCOH versão 01.2024, a descrição dos módulos, incluindo exemplos de uso e valores de referência. O objetivo da LNEG-LCOH - Calculadora do Custo Nivelado do Hidrogénio (ferramenta LNEG-LCOH) é fornecer um serviço gratuito para a estimativa rápida dos custos em diferentes componentes da cadeia de valor do hidrogénio. A ferramenta está pensada para proporcionar flexibilidade de acordo com as necessidades dos utilizadores e fornecer valores referenciais com base nas tendências atuais. Espera-se que a ferramenta evolua ao longo do tempo para considerar mais componentes e satisfazer as necessidades que possam surgir dos utilizadores.
- Project 3.3 -Task 1 Report - Literature review: Hydrogen transport options for vehicle supplyPublication . Costa, Paula; Portillo, Juan C. C.; Simoes, SofiaABSTRACT: Among the different applications in which hydrogen technology has become the protagonist, the transport sector should be particularly mentioned. It is expected that, by 2030, 1 in 12 cars sold in Germany, Japan, California, and South Korea will be powered by hydrogen, and that more than 350,000 hydrogen trucks will be able to transport large quantities of goods, while thousands of trains and ships can carry passengers without emitting carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. The decarbonisation of road transport can be achieved by implementing fuel cells in electric vehicles. Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles (FCEV) are a necessary complement to Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs). FCEVs are more convenient for long distances with better performance for heavy vehicles that can benefit from the higher autonomy provided by hydrogen for long-distance transport, but it has lower energy efficiency than BEVs (Genovese & Fragiacomo, 2023). However, the possibility of rapid refuelling is an important advantage (Sinigaglia et al., 2017). However, the success of the implementation of this new technology is facing several obstacles. Among them, the lack of suitable and connected infrastructure and the high initial investment cost. So, hydrogen refuelling stations (HRSs) must be fully implemented as they are one of the most important parts of the hydrogen economy in the transport sector.
- Resultados e conclusões do GTAER : Grupo de Trabalho para a definição das Áreas de Aceleração de Energias RenováveisPublication . Simoes, Sofia; Barbosa, Juliana; Oliveira, Paula; Quental, Lídia; Simões, Teresa; Catarino, Justina; Rodrigues, Carlos; Costa, Paula; Patinha, Pedro; Picado, AnaRESUMO: Este documento apresenta os resultados e conclusões do GTAER (Grupo de Trabalho para a definição das áreas de Aceleração de Energias Renováveis) criado pelo Despacho n.º 11912/2023. Uma parte importante do documento foca o objetivo de consolidar e robustecer o trabalho realizado na identificação das áreas com menor sensibilidade para a localização de unidades de produção de eletricidade renovável. Este trabalho desenvolve-se na sequência do trabalho anteriormente realizado pelo grupo de trabalho informal em atividade entre setembro de 2022 e janeiro de 2023 e que foi alvo de atualização pelo LNEG em junho de 2023. São também apresentados elementos no que respeita a: • potencial de implementação de unidades de geração em superfícies artificializadas; • proposta das áreas de aceleração de energias renováveis; • proposta de regras adequadas à implementação dos projetos de energias renováveis nestas áreas e as medidas de mitigação aplicáveis; • proposta de método de disponibilização pública das áreas de aceleração de energias renováveis a designar, bem como a metodologia para a sua revisão e a periodicidade associada.
- Distribuição do consumo de eletricidade na indústria no território em Portugal Continental e a potencial satisfação desta procura por fonte solar fotovoltaicaPublication . Barbosa, Juliana; Simoes, Sofia; Oliveira, Paula; Patinha, Pedro; Quental, Lídia; Catarino, Justina; Simões, Teresa; Rodrigues, Carlos; Pinto, P.J.R.; Cardoso, João P.RESUMO: Este documento descreve o trabalho desenvolvido pelo LNEG com vista ao mapeamento do consumo de eletricidade na indústria em Portugal Continental e a potencial satisfação desta procura por energia solar fotovoltaica. O presente estudo derivou do esforço anterior para a identificação no país de áreas com menor sensibilidade (ambiental e patrimonial) para a instalação de centrais de geração de eletricidade de fonte renovável e ampliou o seu âmbito para a investigação da potencial satisfação do consumo industrial de eletricidade em áreas artificializadas para fins industriais e nas áreas envolventes destas consideradas menos sensíveis. A implementação de tecnologias de conversão de energia de fonte renovável de forma distribuída em ambiente construído/artificializado é fundamental para o país. No entanto, a análise pormenorizada desse universo necessita de mais tempo e recursos do que os disponíveis neste âmbito. Neste documento é apresentada uma análise exploratória da integração de sistemas solares fotovoltaicos na indústria, considerando o território por ela ocupado. Deve notar-se que os resultados apresentados traduzem a situação à data de janeiro / fevereiro de 2023, sendo que muita da informação utilizada tem um caráter dinâmico pelo que os resultados deste trabalho enquadram-se num contexto temporal definido, necessitando de atualizações periódicas.
- Estimativa de potenciais técnicos de energia renovável em Portugal: eólico, solar fotovoltaico, solar concentrado, biomassa e oceanosPublication . Simoes, Sofia; Simões, Teresa; Barbosa, Juliana; Rodrigues, Carlos; Azevedo, Pedro; Cardoso, João P.; Facão, Jorge; Costa, Paula Silva; Justino, Paulo Alexandre; Gírio, Francisco; Reis, Alberto; Passarinho, Paula; Duarte, Luís C.; Moura, Patrícia; Abreu, Mariana; Estanqueiro, Ana; Couto, António; Oliveira, Paula; Quental, Lídia; Patinha, Pedro; Catarino, Justina; Picado, AnaExecutive Summary: There is a clear need to accelerate the energy transition, including the implementation of renewable electricity production plants, as well as the increase in consumption of other renewable energy carriers in buildings, industry, transport and other sectors. This work provides key information to make this transition possible, that is, the technical renewable energy potentials for Portugal. The aim is thus to contribute to policy support, as well as to decision-making by various Portuguese stakeholders (public and private) in the domains of energy, energy transition and greenhouse gases emissions mitigation. The work presents the technical renewable energy potentials for Portugal to: (i) decentralized solar photovoltaic (PV) plants in artificialized (or built-up) areas; (ii) centralized solar PV plants in non-artificialized (or natural) areas; (iii) concentrated solar power; (iv) onshore wind; (v) offshore wind (floating and fixed); (vi) bioenergy, and (vii) solar thermal. The wave energy primary energy resource potential is also presented (not the technical potential). The technical potential values of renewable energy sources (RES) presented are dynamic values, given the substantial uncertainty associated with their estimation. The study identifies technical RES potentials i.e., the technically viable energy generation achievable from a specific technology, considering the primary energy resource available and the geographic, environmental and land use limitations. RES economic potentials represent the fraction of RES technical potential that is economically viable, but they are not presented in this work. Likewise, this report does not address market potential, that translate the capacity and energy generation that the market effectively manages to implement. The presented RES technical potentials include the total capacity currently installed in the country. The technical potentials are estimated mostly for mainland Portugal, in most cases with a spatial disaggregation of at least NUT2 and sometimes for NUT5 and/or type of building. Despite adopting an approach based on a territorial analysis in which some areas of the country are excluded, this potential does not correspond to the work done in mapping less-sensitive areas towards future definition of RES “Go-To Areas”. The decentralized solar PV potential in artificialized areas is divided into 6 area types: industrial areas; commercial buildings; residential and mixed-use buildings; villas; health, education, cultural, tourist and military buildings, and other land uses (including parking lots and patios, ports, waste and wastewater treatment infrastructure, sports facilities, among others). It is estimated a technical potential of 23.33 GW that could generate up to 36.84 TWh/year. This potential is distributed throughout the entire territory of mainland Portugal but is higher in the North and Center regions. The RES technical potential for centralized solar PV was estimated as a range of values that translate the uncertainty associated with using different levels of concern in excluding certain areas in which solar PV can be deployed (for example to safeguard ecosystems, water resources, agriculture or archaeological heritage). The centralized solar PV potential varies between 168.82 GW and 45.63 GW. The maximum threshold of installed capacity could generate 278.11 TWh/year of electricity. The value is high and reflects on the one hand, the excellence of the solar resource throughout the country, and on the other, the large size of the considered areas. The CSP potential is 62.6 GW with a corresponding electrical production potential of 183.61 TWh/year. It is mainly located in the Alentejo region, although other areas have also been identified in other regions of the country. The wind onshore technical potential is 15.7 GW, that could generate 37.13 TWh/year, taking into account the safeguarding of various areas for the protection of ecosystems and also social acceptability issues. In the case of offshore wind and considering a capacity density of 4 MW/km2 for floating offshore and 5.5 MW/km2 for fixed offshore, a total of 36 GW and 2 GW are obtained, respectively. This capacity could generate up to 126.14 TWh/year (floating offshore) or 6.31 TWh/year (fixed offshore). The solar thermal energy potential focused residential and service buildings (such as nursing homes, barracks, etc., tourism, hospitals, indoor swimming pools and other sports facilities). The potential is of 0.95 GWt and 0.95 TWh/year for service buildings, 7.26 GWt and 5.84 TWh/year for residential buildings. For industry there is a potential of 1.06 GWt, which could generate up to 1.15 TWh/year for applications up to 160 ºC. The total technical potential of solar thermal is 9.25 GWt and 7.93 TWh/year of thermal energy generated, with a substantial weight of residential buildings in the total value. Potential values are disaggregated by NUTS III and type of building. In terms of biomass and bioenergy potential, annual values of forest biomass, agricultural biomass, agro-industrial waste, urban waste and wastewater treatment are estimated, totaling around 58 TWh/year. Regarding the production of biofuels (HVO and FAME) it is estimated that the annual production of domestic used oils and other similar residues is 1.4 TWh/year. The use of oils from food crops such as soybean, sunflower and rapeseed is limited by European (and national) policy guidelines and is 2.1 TWh/year. Regarding wave energy, the resource potential is estimated between 1.4 GW for 80 m bathymetry and 4.8 for 20 m bathymetry. There are substantial uncertainties associated with the presented values, inherent to the methodological approach considered. Nevertheless, these estimates are a valuable starting point to be refined and improved in subsequent updates.
- Pegada de Carbono da Presidência da República Portuguesa : Palácio Nacional de BelémPublication . Simoes, Sofia; Oliveira, Paula; Amorim, FilipaRESUMO: O presente estudo tem como objetivo determinar a Pegada de Carbono da Presidência da República Portuguesa, ou seja, quantificar as emissões de gases com efeito de estufa (GEE) cuja origem está direta e indiretamente associada à atividade desenvolvida nesta instituição. A Pegada de Carbono representa o volume total de GEE gerado pelas atividades económicas e quotidianas do ser humano, sendo esse valor expresso em emissões de CO2 equivalentes (CO2e). O cálculo da Pegada de Carbono permite identificar as principais fontes de emissões de gases com efeito de estufa e consequentemente adotar e implementar as medidas necessárias para a sua redução. Este indicador ambiental considera as emissões diretas e indiretas de compostos como o metano (CH4), o óxido nitroso (N2O), os hidrofluorocarbonetos (HFCs), os perfluorocarbonetos (PFCs), o hexafluoreto de enxofre (SF6) que são conjuntamente conhecidos como “F-gases” e, sobretudo, o mais abundante e que mais contribui para o aquecimento global desde 1990, o dióxido de carbono (CO2). Esta nota técnica encontra-se estruturada em 5 seções, além do presente enquadramento. É primeiramente apresentado o âmbito considerado para a estimativa da Pegada de Carbono, seguido dos resultados obtidos, algumas propostas para a sua redução e uma pequena síntese de iniciativas de compensação e/ou neutralização de emissões, bem como algumas estimativas de Pegada de Carbono / emissões de GEE de organizações governamentais/de Estado na Europa. Seguidamente sistematiza-se a metodologia utilizada e, por fim, apresentam-se as principais limitações.